"safe cells are used for prisoners at risk of self harm or suicide. A CHS nurse described these as unfit for dogs. Justice Action has successfully lobbied for a review of these cells and has been involved in ongoing discussion with CHS about their use" (South Wales Corrections Health Service (CHS), 1997).

scientific approach:
"the belief that crime resulted from natural, understandable and potentially curable causes. The belief culminated in the expectation that criminal behavior could be cured if the correct treatment was applied, however the "scientific approach" theory of the early 1900's was never appropriately put to the test as it was not accompanied by necessary programs and. Services" (CRC Program Orientation Manual, 1996).

Canada

seclusion:
"the placement of a patient alone in a specially designated lockable room from which he or she can be observed through a window" (Kirkpatrick, 1989; cited in Mason, 1992, p. 263).

Second Penitentiary Act (1961-Canada):
"substantial reforms and changes resulted in correctional services with regards to health care" (Smale 1983, pg. 31).

Section 16 - responsibility -Criminal Code of Canada:
"anyone with a mental disorder is deemed not responsible for their criminal acts" Criminal code of Canada, 19??).

security:
"institutions are classified maximum, medium or minimum security, according to the amount of freedom and privileges inmates are permitted within institution confines. Inmates are classified according to their perceived security risk".

security "hospital":
"hospital security is derived from the therapeutic relationships between staff and patients, with the exception that patients will assume increasing responsibility for their own lives. In this way treatment is balanced with security within the confines of the forensic setting" (Athascadero State Hospital Facility Plan,1997).

security blanket:
"a blanket made of thick quilted material, given to a suicidal patient for warmth in place of all other bedding. It is assumed that material is thick enough so that patient will not be able to tear strips from the edges" (Kent-Wilkinson, 2000).

security guards:
"protect government, commercial, and industrial property against theft, vandalism, illegal entry, and fire" (Evans, 1996).

security officers:
"charged with maintaining security for buildings of business organizations or hospital institutions. The forensic security officer is a member of the multidisciplinary team on a forensic psychiatric unit, and is called upon in the emergency department setting, and general psychiatric units to assist in the management of disorderly and / or violent patients. Throughout the hospital an important role of security is consistent 'chain of custody' in documentation and preserving of evidence" (Kent-Wilkinson, 1996).

self harm:
"sometimes mistaken for attempted suicide and although some patients do have a history of genuine suicide attempts, many acts of self harm are undoubtedly a plea for help" (Rayner, 1994; p. 21).

self harm:
"regarded in the western world as a sign of mental illness, while in some societies it is seen as a social or cultural norm" (Rayner, 1994; p. 21).

self-injury "deliberate":
"regarded to have as much to do with purging and preservation as it does with disfigurement" (Rayner, 1994; p. 21).

senior abuse (elder abuse):
"the maltreatment of an elderly person by a family member or other close associate. It may include the infliction of physical injury, restraint, financial exploitation, threats, ridicule, insult or humiliation, forced isolation (physical or social), or forced change in living arrangements. It may also include neglect, that is the refusal or failure to care for the older person whether intentional or unintentional. This could include abandonment, withholding or not providing food, health care, companionship or assistance" (Office for the Prevention of Family Violence, Alberta Social Services, 1994).

senior abuse (elder abuse):
"any deliberate act or lack of an act that causes harm to an elder person Thy have divided elder abuse into four different classifications: physical, psychological, financial and neglect (Alberta Family & Social Services, 1990).

senior medical officers (SMO's):
SMO's in the United Kingdom are physicians who practice in the prison settings. The majority are trained in general practice and the minority are psychiatrics (Polczyk-Przybyla & Gournay, 1999, p. 895).

sentence "indeterminate":
"one in which the length of sentence was not precisely determined; within a (deterministic) medical model, the (indeterminate sentence) plan allows for early release of inmates deemed by certain experts to have been rehabilitated" (Penner, 1978, p. 520).

sentences "mandatory":
"statutorily mandated penalties have replaced indeterminate sentences that provided judges with a range of sanctions for the specific offense" (Thorburn, 1995, p. 561).

serial killer:
"someone who murders more than three victims one at a time in a relatively short interval [syn: serial murderer]" (Webster Dictionary, 1996 - on-line).

serial killer:
"the murder of two or more individuals with a cooling off period in between; often the motive is psychological and the offender's behavior and physical evidence observed at the scene will reflect sadistic, sexual overtones" (Pierce Brook).

sex offender:
"to offend, to violate, to cause discomfort or injury in a sexual manner towards any age individual without their consent" (Kent-Wilkinson, 1999).

sex offender (teacher/lover):
"teacher/lover sex offenders' initiate the sexual abuse of an adolescent (usually male) from position of power through either age or status as mother, aunt or guardian" (Atkinson, 1996, p. 40).

sexually abusive behavior:
"refers to some action such as fondling of the genital area, oral-genital contact, or penetration of a bodily orifice. Sexual abuse of children and adults includes expression of aggression, cruelty and misuse of power. Sexual abuse occurs when ever the fundamental condition of informed consent is not adhered to".

sexual aggressor rapist:
"the perpetrator does not know the victim; these offenders are generally more aggressive, uninhibited, impulsive and antisocial and pose more of a threat to the general public. The three most common types of sexual aggressor rapists are: the Power Reassurance Rapist, the Power Assertive Rapist, and the Anger Retaliatory Rapist" (Merrill, 1996).

sexual assault:
"unwanted touching, grabbing, kissing, or fondling" (Statistics Canada, Juristat, 1997).

sexual assault:
"sexual assault (the term rape is no longer used in Canadian Criminal Law) is a criminal offence under the federal criminal code of Canada" (www.cs.uwindsor.ca/units/library/vs32.htm).

sexual assault:
"most definitions for sexual assault include "genital, anal or oral penetration by a part of the accused body using force or without the victims consent" (DeLaHunta and Baram, 1997).

sexual assault:
"the forcible perpetration of an act of sexual contact on the body of another person, male or female, without his or her consent" (Mosby's Medical Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary, 1998).

sexual assaults:

"include any unwanted sexual act toward staff including touching, exposure, attempted rape and rape" (Flannery et al., 1994).

Sexual Assault Nurse Clinician or Examiner:
(title is a matter of program preference) "a registered nurse who has been specially trained to provide comprehensive care to sexual assault survivors. She is usually certified by her local institution after completing a training program of approximately 40 hours. Demonstrated competence in conducting a comprehensive evidential examination is also required" (Ledray, & Arndt, p. 7).

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE):
SANEs are nurses "who perform physical assessment of sexual assault patients; who locate, collect, preserve, package, and document forensic evidence; provide information and referral to enhance the continuity of care for the patient; [and] present expert testimony in court when necessary" (Arnt, 1999).

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE):
"registered nurses who possess advanced skills in the evaluation of injuries consistent with forced sexual contact in the medico-legal area of performing sexual assault examinations, collection of legal evidence, psychosocial skills in aiding the victim, knowledge of court room proceedings and representing the victim as an expert witness" (Lynch, 1993).

sexual assault nurse examiner program:
"SANE (or sexual assault nurse examiner) is a program used in emergency rooms across the nation that deal with care, treatment, evidence collection, documentation, and follow up support of the rape survivor. A specially trained group of nurses performs these duties and provides expert testimony for the client" (Paulette Becker RN BSN CEN Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton Ohio).
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE Rooms:
"usually within the often-frenzied environment of the emergency department, A SANE Room features a soothing environment, appropriate equipment (including colposcopes and 24 hour SANE availability" (Dandino-Abbott, 1999, p. 333).
Sexual Assault Response Team (SART):
"A SART is composed of victim advocates, law enforcement officers, and SANEs. Advocates are responsible for the well being of the client, support the client through the criminal justice process, and provide information and referrals for other services" (Arndt, 1999)

sexual inequality model:
"the model that explains violence based on cultural beliefs where women within the society are perceived as property, and thus subject to the control of male family members. The control is exercised in terms of cultural patterns of accepted behavior, which may in some societies, include abuse".

sexually violent offense:
"the following acts when committed by force: violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person, and that result in a conviction or a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity"

sexually violent predator:
"a person who has been convicted of a sexually violent offense against two or more victims for which he or she received a determinate sentence and who has a diagnosed mental disorder that makes the person a danger to the health and safety of others in that it is likely that he or she will engage in sexually violent criminal behavior".

shaken baby syndrome (SBS):
"involves vigorous manual shaking of children who are being held by the extremities or shoulders that causes whiplash-induced intracranial or intraocular bleeding, but with no external signs of health trauma" (Coody, Brown, Montgomery, Flynn & Yetman, 1994; cited in Butler, 1995, p. 47).

shaken baby syndrome (SBS):
"is a particularly tragic form of child abuse. The abuser holds the baby with both hands by the chest, squeezes and shakes him or her violently back and forth in an effort to stop the baby's crying. The baby's head, swinging on the end of the neck, suffers violent forces of acceleration and deceleration, similar to whiplash injury but repetitive" (Hull,2000). http://www.sleeptight.com/EncyMaster/S/shaken_baby_syndrome.html

shaken adult syndrome:
"the shaking of detainees by Israeli interrogators has been documented since the 1980's but appears to have been increasing in recent years. The shaking may be conducted with the detainee standing or sitting, but the usual procedure at the present time seems to be with the detainee in a sitting position with the legs shackled below a low chair and the wrists cuffed behind and between the back bars of the chair" (Amnesty International, 1995; cited in Pounder, 1997, p. 323).

sharp injuries:
stab wounds or incised wounds consistent with crushing impact against the body with a blunt object (Stewart, 1993).

situational child molesters:
"do not have a true sexual preference for children; most often are the parents or relatives of the child; engage in sex with children for a variety of complex reasons; sexual contact may range from a once-in-a-lifetime act to a long-term pattern of behavior" (The FBI Academy's Behavioral Science Services; McIlwaine, 1996).

situational reactions:
"are problems in living which on occasion overwhelm one's ability to cope" (Arboleda-Florez, Crisanti, & Holley, 1996, p. 22).

slashing:
"slashing and other forms of self-injury are generally understood to be a means of release/relief from the distress of childhood sexual abuse" (Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies, 1997).

slashing (carving)(cutting):
"researchers have found that people who carve their skin are frequently bearing significant psychological scars from childhood-they feel anxious, guilty and angry" (Green, 1978; Simpson & Porter 1981; cited in (Rayner, 1994; p. 21).

social breakdown syndrome:
"associated with institutional living; the syndrome was evidenced by the lack of initiative, submission to authority, withdrawal, and excessive dependence on the institution". (Lamb, 1984; cited in Reisdorph-Ostrow, 1989, p. 4).

social desirability behaviour:
"indicate that respondents who tend to give socially desirable answers are less inclined to report aggressive behaviour" (Lange et al, 1995, cited in Collins & Robinson, 1997, p. 67).

social learning theory:
"classified by some under a Psychological Theory and others under a Sociological Theory. Social learning theory posits that violence is learned from behavior modeled by others and perceptions of the rewards and sanctions awarded that behavior".

social learning theory:
"the theory that learned victim and victimizer roles, and ways of coping with frustrations and stress contribute to aggression, neglect, exploitation, and the passive response to abuse" (Davidovich, 1990).

social isolation model:
"the model that violence is possible because the victim is isolated and violent behavior and its effects are unlikely to come to light. This model is the basis for the insistence of the concept of "two-deep leadership" advocated by youth organizations such as the Boy Scouts of America. The "two-deep" policy requires that a minimum of two adults be present during all activities to minimize the potential for clandestine abuse".

sociocultural theory:
"the theory that financial, natural and man-made disasters, discrimination, sexism, poverty, and inadequate environmental and social support increase the risk of aggression neglect and exploitation" (Davidovich, 1990).

sociological theories of violence:
"sociological explanations to violence include the subculture model, structure model, interactionist model; and economic or deterrence model as well as the gender politics model and the social isolation model".

son of sam laws:
"So-called Son of Sam laws - to prevent offenders from profiting from their crimes - passed in New York and 40 states since 1977 following reports serial killer David Berkowitz was being offered money for his story (Chase, 1996).

spanking:
"spanking in schools is a from of corporal punishment, its use is universal, and is widespread, practiced for generations. Other forms of corporal punishment include shoving, shaking, choking, excesive exercise, confinement in closed spaces and denial of bathroom privieledges" (The American Humane Association, 1994).

special hospital:
"the criminal lunatic asylum, in Britain have been superseded by the term 'special hospitals'"(Burrow, 1993, p. 899).

special hospital:
"In the United Kingdom, these early asylums, now called special hospitals were developed out of a compassionate belief that offenders afflicted with mental disorders or impairments were somehow better off in these environments than in prison settings" (Mason, 1999, p. 155).

special hospital:
"Special Hospitals" in Britain care for the mentally ill/impaired and psychopaths that come to the attention of the legal system"

spouse abuse:
"the physical, psychological, sexual, or financial abuse by a spouse against their partner such that the survival and security of the abused is endangered" (Office for the Prevention of Family Violence, Alberta Social Services, 1994).

stalker:
"three types of stalkers are identified in this crime classification are the non domestic stalker (delusional) who may know the target through social contact or from a random meeting in a public place; the domestic stalker (a mix of non delusional and delusional behavior) who may be known to the target and had a close personal relationship with the target and the erotomania stalker (delusional) whose target is typically a public figure" (Wright et al, 1995, p. 38).

stalker "domestic":
"the doemestic stalker (a mix of non delusional and delusional behavior) who may be known to the target and had a close personal relationship with the target and the erotomania stalker (delusional) whose target is typically a public figure" (Wright et al, 1995, p. 38).

stalker "erotomania":
"the erotomania stalker (delusional) whose target is typically a public figure" (Wright et al, 1995, p. 38).

stalker "non domestic":
the non domestic stalker (delusional) who may know the target through social contact or from a random meeting in a public place (Wright et al, 1995, p. 38).

stalking (criminal harassment):
"stalking or criminal harassment is defined as the "wilful, malicious, and repeated following or harassing of another person, usually requiring a credible threat of violence against the victim or the victim's family" (Abrams & Robinson, 1998, p. 473).

standard of care:
"the uniform standard of behavior expected of a reasonable prudent person in a particular situation" (Wetther, 1993, p. 23).

stay (withdrawn)(dismissed):
"included stay of proceedings and withdrawn/dismissed at preliminary inquiry. These dispositions all refer to the court stopping criminal proceedings against the accused" (Juristat, Stats Canada, 85-002-XPE, Vol. 18(4), 1999).

stereotype:
"to repeat without variation; to develop a mental stereotype about [syn: pigeonhole, stamp]" (WWWebster, Online).

stigma:
"a mark of shame or discredit; a symbol of disgrace or infamy" (WWWebster, Online).

stigma:
"Websters dictionary defines stigma as "a mark of disgrace" (1998,p.555). One does not choose to be mentally ill and for those who have the ordeal of being afflicted, the realities of being stigmatized are hard to bear. The effects are both internal, with feelings of rejection, loneliness, and depression, as well as external, with rejection from family ,friends, relatives and employers" (National Mental Health Strategy, 1997).

stockholm syndrome:
"the syndrome that involves a paradoxical psychological response between hostage victims and their captors is called the Stockholm Syndrome" (Moss, 1991).

stockholm syndrome:
"involves a paradoxical psychological response between hostage victims and their captors where the relationship patterns of the captor is characterized by terrorizing behavior followed by varying degrees of kindness and the victimized hostages' relationship pattern is characterized by the development of a fondness for their captors" (Moss, 1991).

structural models:
"the model that the structure of society (for example, poverty, discrimination, lack of opportunity) prevents members of some groups from achieving material success creating frustrations that may be expressed in violence"

subculture model:
"the model that violence, like substance abuse, arises from a subculture in which violence is the accepted mode of conflict resolution and results in status within the subcultural group".

subtle fatal child abuse (SFCA):
"in 1980, Zumwalt and Hirst, describe a phenomenon they named Subtle Fatal Child Abuse, that includes unusual physical and chemical assault as well as covet negligence (p. 167). They illustrated through a variety if cases the different types of maltreatment that can result in the death of a child by means other than by overt violence or beatings. Such as poisoning, denial of medical care, heat stroke, hypothermia, asphyxia, or other effect of dehydration" (Zumwalt & Hirst, 1980).

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):
"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a problem for the forensic pathologist to diagnose as it is based simply on the exclusion if there is nothing abnormal or suspicious after an autopsy on a child under the age of one, who has died had died a sudden death then SIDS is the diagnosis reached. In approximately 10 per cent of all cases diagnosed with SIDS, child abuse or neglect is believed to be the true cause of death" (Newlands & Emery, 1991, p. 275; Emery, 1993, , p. 1097).

suicide:
"all self-inflicted deaths. Recent studies of suicides in England and Wales have used a broader definition of suicide to keep with the Prison Service policy in terms of official recorded figures of suicide" (Crighton & Towl, 1997).

suicide:
"legally defined as "the intentional act of self-destruction committed by someone knowing what he/she is doing and knowing the probable consequences of his/her actions" (Morgan, 1979, cited in Rogers & Hughes, 1994, p. 37).

suicide:
"suicide officially became a crime under common law in tenth century England (Spitz & Fisher, 1980, cited in Schramm, 1991, p. 670).

suicide:
"Canadian Parliament abolished the offences of suicide and attempted suicide in 1972 (Cawsey, 1996 p. 23).

suicide:
"is a tragic, individual act, whereas euthanasia is not about a private act- it's about letting one person facilitate the death of another".

suicide:
"a major public health problem in all western countries and ranks among the most frequent causes of death" (Burrow, 1995, p. 216).

suicide:
"the conscious act of self-induced annihilation, best understood as multi dimensional malaise in a needful individual who defines an issue for which the act is perceived as the best solution" (Shneidman, 1986; cited in Burrow, 1995, p. 216).

suicide "assisted":
"providing a person with the means to commit suicide (The Canadian Medical Association Policy Summary on Physician-Assisted Death, 1995).

suicide "compulsory":
"Romans and ancient Egyptians used compulsory suicide as a form of capital punishment" (Hankoff & Einsidler, 1979, cited in Tuskan & Thase, 1983, p. 29).

suicide "physician-assisted":
"means the doctor provides the means for death, but does not participate in the death itself" (Cambridge, 1995, cited in Cawsey, 1996, p. 24).

suicide "physician-assisted":
"the suicide of a competent human being with a terminal illness, usually by means of an overdose of medication obtained from a physician who has agreed to aid that person's suicide" (Kinsella & Varhoef, 1996).

suicide "prison":
"early 1900's definition of prison suicide was: an instinctive imitation, craving curiosity, mischievous desire to elicit alarm, an attempt to create sympathy for favors and a certain abnormality induced by pernicious practices" by Zebulon Brockway, warden of Elmira Reformatory in the state of New York, considered an eminent penologist in the early 1900's (Hayes, 1992, p. 11).

summary:
"brief; without formalities; as the summary justice, meted out by the lynch mob, Latin summa (sum)".

summary offense:
"a less serious offense".

susceptibility:
"the ability to be affected by factors contributing to a particular health condition" (Clark, 1996, p. 101).

symbolic interaction:
"a sociological theory essentially contending that social reality is compromised of shared verbal and nonverbal symbols that interacting individuals understand in more or less the same way through their interaction with significant others" (Farrell & Swigert, 1982, cited in Lynch, 1990, p. 50).

References