"a people or group of peoples regarded as deriving from a common stock" (WWWebster Dictionary, 1997).

rape:
"historically rape was defined in relation to marriage and marriage was considered an exchange in property. In ancient Babylonia, under mosaic law, a price was given for potential brides. Virginity had to be guaranteed or their price was lowered. If the daughter was raped before marriage this was considered a crime against the father (http://pubweb.cudavis.edu/documents/RPEP/rapehis.htm).

rape:
"sex with a women, other than a wife, without her consent; also includes sex with a minor (with or without consent; also known as statutory rape); sex with a man without his consent; or men who force their wives to have sex" (Duhaimes Law Dictionary, 1999, http://www.wwlia.org).

rape:
"there are several different faces that rape can take on: statutory rape occurs when a minor is involved; date rape transpires when the aggressor is know to the victim; stranger rape is rape by someone who is unknown to the victim; gang rape is committed by several persons on an individual; and marital rape occurs within the institution of marriage by the spouse (Moore, 1998).

rape:
"a man commits rape if he uses, or intends to use, force, threats, coercion, intimidation, to accomplish sexual penetration; sexual penetration being defined as penetration, however slight, of the labia or anus by any part of the body by another, or by any object or the penetration, however slight, of the mouth by a penis" (Moore, 1998, p. 49).

rape:
"heterosexual or homosexual intercourse against the will of a victim" (Thomas, Taber's Dictionary, 1997, p. 1631).

rape "date rape drug":
"date rape drug" or see Rohypnol.

rape trauma syndrome:
"a group of symptoms experienced by victims of sexual assault., which can include sleep and eating disturbances, mood swings, feelings of humiliation anger and self blame, fear of sex, nightmares and development of phobias, specific to attack (Burgess and Holmstrom, http://www.nhvbs.com/nhwomen/fact2).

rape trauma syndrome:
"the psychiatric diagnosis of post traumatic stress syndrome is comparable to the nursing diagnosis of Rape Trauma Syndrome" (Hartman & Burgess, 1988, p. 455).

rapist:
"has a personality similar to the general offender population; they tend to be impulsive, are poor at problem solving, have anger management problems, and have attitudes promoting sexual violence" (Gordon, 1991; cited in Parakin, 1998).

rapist:
"has a personality similar to the general offender population; they tend to be impulsive, are poor at problem solving, have anger management problems, and have attitudes promoting sexual violence" (Gordon, 1991; cited in Parakin, 1998).

rapist "anger retaliatory":
"most often uses a "blitz" approach subduing victims with direct, injurious physical assault" (Merrill, 1996).

rapists "contact":
"tend to commit their crimes with relative frequency with few victims reporting the crime; offender is known to the victim, through either business, personal or casual relationship" (Merrill, 1996).

rapist "power assertive":
"recognized by his use of moderate to excessive force" (Merrill,1996).

rapist "power reassurance":
"generally surprises the victim" (Merrill,1996).

rapist "sexual aggressor":
"the perpetrator does not know the victim; these offenders are generally more aggressive, uninhibited, impulsive and antisocial and pose more of a threat to the general public. The three most common types of sexual aggressor rapists are: the Power Reassurance Rapist, the Power Assertive Rapist, and the Anger Retaliatory Rapist" (Merrill, 1996).

rates of occurrence:
"statistical measures that indicate the extent of health problems in a group. Rates of occurrence also allow comparisons between groups of different sizes with respect to the extent of a particular condition" (Clark, 1996, p. 102).

readmission:
"violations of release conditions by the previous offender (i.e., technical violations) and convictions for new offences" (Nouwens, Motiuk & Boe, 1993).

recent overt act:
"means any criminal act that manifests a likelihood that the actor may engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior".

recidivist:
"any released federal offender who was convicted within the three-year period following release of a new indictable offence that led to a custodial sentence" (Correctional Service of Canada, 1985).

recidivist:
"persistent criminal; one who relapses into crime; as a recidivist who has served several prison sentences. Latin Re (back) and cadere (to fall)".

recidivism:
"generally interpreted to mean re-offending activity or re-offending behaviour or (as in mental health care) a return to previous dysfunctional attitudes or behaviours" (Mason, 1998, p. 405).

recidivism:
"concerned with the extent to which a person relapses into criminal activity for a second or further time (Farrington, 1995), and is relatively understood, in terms of its measurement, as the occurrence of the criminal event. However the prediction of recidivism appears semantically broader and may well encompass violence and dangerousness, but may also include the transgression of other codes of law such as, arson, robbery, etc. When the criminal event is clearly delineated, then the action of the prediction rates are more meaningful" (Mason, 1999, p. 160).

recidivism:
"a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior; a mental patient's repeated relapse into criminal or delinquent habits" (Webster's Dictionary, 1966).

recidivism:
"a tendency to lapse into a previous pattern of behavior; espcially a tenency to return to criminal habits" (American Heritage Dictionary, 1992, p. 1508).

recidivism:
"anyone who was released into the community and subsequently readmitted to a federal institution; this includes, for example, not only those who were readmitted for new offences but also those who were readmitted for technical violations of their release conditions (with no new offences)" (Belcourt, Nouwens & Lefebvre, 1993).

recidivism:
"recidivism of psychiatric patients is an average of at least one admission per year since the patient's first admission, with no less than 15 admissions" (Geller, 1986).

recidivism:
"any return to correctional custody; the recidivism group will include a broad range of individuals and circumstances" (Nouwens, Motiuk & Boe, 1993).

recidivism:
"refers to re-admissions or the concept of the 'revolving door syndrome' that is common among patients whether they are in the health care system, the mental health care system, or the judicial system".

recidivism:
"the reincarceration of an offender after he/she has been released from jail. Recidivism is defined as the habitual or chronic relapse into crime" (Webster's Dictionary, 1990, p. 491).

recidivism:
"recidivism in the mentally ill offender population refers to the cyling of individuals from prisn, to psychiatric institution to the community and then back again (Draine, Solomon, & Meyerson, 1994, p. 163).

recidivism rate:
"the percentage of released offenders readmitted to federal custody during a particular period of study" (Nouwens, Motiuk & Boe, 1993).

reform method:
"the Reform Method in 1940 in Canada is characterised by an emphasis on rehabilitation and a great sympathy for the offender" (Fersh, 1980, cited in Scheller-King & Finneran, 1982, p. 56).

regional secure units (RSUs):
"the RSUs in Britain, numbering in 1998 approximately 30, are smaller establishments set up to treat mentally disordered offenders not requiring high security (Mason & Mercer, 1998, p. 2).

regional secure units (RSU):
the recommendation from the Glancy Report (1974) and the Butler Report (1975) was that all Regional Health Authorities in England should provide Regional Secure Units (RSU) facilities and that bed numbers would reflect the population in each area (Polczyk-Przybyla & Gournay, 1999, p. 894).

rehabilitation:
"a restoration to a goog health or useful life, as through therapy or rehabilitation" (American Heritage Dictionary, 1992, p. 1508).

reincarceration:
"persons who are jailed again with a year of their last incarceration" (Draine, Solomon & Meyerson, 1994, p. 163).

relative risk ratio:
"members of a population at risk have a greater probability of developing a specific condition than those who are not affected by factors known to contribute to the condition. This difference in the probability of developing a given condition is known as the 'relative risk ratio'." (Clark, 1996, p. 102).

relative risk ratio formula
"this ratio is derived by comparing the frequency of occurrence of the condition in a group of people with known risk factors to that among individuals without these factors" (Clark, 1996, p. 102).

remand prisoner:
"throughout history, most societies have built places in which to hold person accused of criminal acts pending some form of trial. The remand prisoner, has not yet been found guilty of a crime, but the crime is such that it is in his own interest or in the interests of the public, that he be held in custody awaiting trial" (Manning, 1997).

remand prisoner:
"has not yet been found guilty of a crime but the crime is such that it is in his own interest or in the interests of the public that he is held in custody awaiting his trial offenses" (Manning, 1997).

repeat offender:
"the offender who re-offends".

research:
"systematic inquiry that uses orderly scientific methods to answer questions or solve problems" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "forensic":
"studies pertaining to forensic topics where health care and the law interface".

research "applied":
"research that concentrates on finding a solution to an immediate practical problem" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "basic":
"research designed to extend the base of knowledge in a discipline for the sake of knowledge production or theory construction, rather than for solving an immediate problem" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "case study":
"a research method that involves a thorough, in-depth analysis of an individual, group institution or other social unit" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "clinical":
"research designed to generate knowledge to guide clinical practice" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "correlation":
"investigations that explore the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention on the part of the researcher" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "descriptive":
"research studies that have as their main objective the accurate portrayal of the characteristics of persons, situations or groups, and the frequency with which certain phenomena occur" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "evaluation":
"research that investigates how well a program, practice or policy is working" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "field":
"a study in which the data are collected "in the field" from individuals in their normal roles, with the aim of understanding the practices, behaviours and beliefs of individuals or groups as they normally function in real life" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "observational":
"studies in which the data is collected by means of observing and recording behaviours or activities of interest" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "quantitative analysis":
"the manipulation of numerical data through statistical procedures for the purpose of describing phenomena or assessing the magnitude and realiability of relationships among them" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

research "survey":
"a type of non-experimental research that focuses on obtaining information regarding the status quo of some situation, often via direct questioning of a sample of respondents" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

restitution:
"an act of restoring or a condition of being restored; a restoration of something to its rightful owner; a making good of or giving an equivalent for some injury; a legal action serving to cause restoration of a previous state an act of restoring" (WWWebster Dictionary on-line).

restraining order:
"a judge's order obtained in civil court which in cases of domestic assault restricts an accused or suspected abuser from contacting a party, such as a spouse" (Dempster, 1995).

retrovirus:
"a type of virus that stores its genetic information on a single-stranded RNA molecule instead of the more usual double-stranded DNA. HIV is an example of a retrovirus. After a retrovirus penetrates a cell, it constructs a DNA version of its genes using a special enzyme, reverse transcriptase. This DNA then becomes part of the cell's genetic material".

restrain:
"check or hold in "from" ('from' emphasized); keep in check or under control or within bounds, repress, keep down; confine, imprison" (Concise Oxford Dictionary, 6th edition, 1996).

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restraint:
"in the state of Massachusetts, the legal definition of restraint is quite complex. Restraints may only be used in emergencies when the patient exhibits behaviour which demonstrates immediate treat to himself or others. In addition restraint is subdivided into three types. Physical- the use of people to restrain the individual. Mechanical- the use of restraints which can be made of leather or clothe and can be used to pinion the person to a bed or trolley. These can be four point: i.e. both writs and both ankles, or two point: i.e. wrist restraints or even nine point - both wrists and ankles, and five pints restraining other parts of the body and the whole body" (Macilwaine, Watson, MacKenzie, 1999, p. 28).

restraint:
"refers to any mechanical, chemical, environmental, or physical measures intended to limit the activity and/or control the behaviour of an individual" (Calgary General Hospital Administrative Policy, 1995).

restraint:
"restraining or being restrained, stoppage, check, controlling agency or influence, confinement, esp. because of insanity" (Concise Oxford Dictionary, 6th edition, 1996).

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restraint "chemical":
"any psycho active drug not required for treatment but whose use is intended to inhibit behaviour or movement".

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restraint "environmental":
"the use of environment, including seclusion or a time-out room, to restrict freedom of movement (English, 1989) or to allow for safe release of energy" (Klinge, 1994).

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restraints "four point":
"are just that - one separate leather or cloth restraint around each limb attached to each foot and head post of the bed - patient is spread out four ways and is let loose 1 foot and l hand and vice versa every hour or half hour or per policy. Used mainly on psychiatric units, and only for very combative and non compliant residents in other settings" (Newman, 1997).

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restraint "physical/mechanical":
"an appliance that restricts freedom of movement, for example: vest restraints, lap belts, pelvic restraints, mittens and/or geriatric chairs with locked trays. Also included are the use of bindings, stockinette, sheets and other materials that may be used to prevent free movement" (Stilwell, 1991).

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restraint "posey vest":
"a restraint that fits on the patient like a sleeveless sweater, and zips up the front with two long ties that go around the patient and then around the chair or recliner to hold in place" (Newman, 1997).

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rethinking method:
"the Rethinking Method that began in the 1950's in Canada- characterised by an 'emphasis' on punishment, - humane, swift and sure, and voluntary rehabilitation by the use of psychology and psychiatry" (Fersch, 1980, cited in Schell-King & Finneran, 1982, p. 56).

References