"active compassionate care directed toward improving the quality of life for the dying." When therapies are no longer effective, palliative care takes over to decrease suffering and increase the quality of life. Often this means caring for the patient at home, with family and friends a part of the process" (Health and Welfare Canada, 1995, cited in Cawsey, 1996, p. 22).

paltauf's hemorrhages:
"the hemorrhages, which are formed by the rupture of alveolar walls. They are described as shining, pale bluish red, and upto 3-5 cm in diameter"

panopticon:
"the name for an ultimately effective prison, seriously proposed in eighteenth-century Britain by Jeremy Benthan in 1791. A combination of architecture and optics makes it possible in Bentham's scheme for a single guard to see every prisoner, and for no prisoner to see anything else; the effect is that all prisoners act as if they were under surveillance at all times" (Rheingold, 1997).

paramedic:
"a specially trained medical technician licensed to provide a wide range of emergency services (such as defibrillation and the intravenous administration of drugs) before or during transportation to a hospital" (Merriam Webster Dictionary, http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/mweb.

paramedic:
"in Ontario, a"..."paramedic" means a person who is an emergency medical care attendant or "grandfather" status] and who, (a) is authorized to perform one or more delegated medical acts, and (b) has a document signed by a medical director of a base hospital that confirms that that person is capable of performing the medical acts specified therein under the direction of a base hospital physician;..." (Ontario Government Ambulance Act, March, 1995) http://www.webcreation.com/opa/medic.html

parasuicide:
"an incomplete act or unsuccessful suicide attempt. A potentially lethal health event and a risk for a completed suicide in the future. Therefore, even the lowest percentages reported in the literature are alarming enough to warrant obtaining in-depth information about behavioural, emotional and cognitive risk factors" (Archives of Suicide Research, 1996).

parole:
"defined as a "carefully constructed bridge between incarceration and return to the community" (Wolfe, 1997).

parole assessment:
"a psychiatric assessment report on a federal inmate, requested by the Parole Board prior to granting parole. This is usually for persons who have been in custody for a long time, who nearing the end of their sentence are applying for various types of absences. The court letters are sent to the parole board individually by those who see the patient (usually 2 psychiatrists and 1 psychologist) (Kent-Wilkinson, 1998)".

parole officer:
"person who supervises offenders on an early release program from incarceration in which the prisoner promises to heed certain conditions (usually set by a parole board). The parole officer has the authority to return the person to prison if there is any violation of those conditions".

passive euthanasia:
"exists when death is the result of a willful omission (withdrawing or withholding treatment)" (Cambridge, 1995, cited in Cawsey, 1996, p. 24).

passive euthanasia:
"is not an act of killing, it is death suffered by incurable disease without suffering"(Kluge, 1992, p. 253).

pathologist "forensic":
"a physician with specialized training and certification in forensic pathology, which is the branch of pathology that deals with the understanding, preservation and use of evidence in order to determine cause, manner and mechanism of death" (Cumming, 1995, p. 30).

pathologist "forensic":
"he/she is not only the expert in determining the cause and manner of death but also becomes the supporter of the innocent, and validator of the guilty in questioned deaths, and has served as a primary epidemiologist in identifying new diseases and emerging health problems" (Hoyt & Spangler, 1996. p. 24).

pathologist "forensic":
"a person who provides an autopsy report under the direction of the Medical Examiner to aid in an investigation. No one other than the pathologist can perform an autopsy under the Fatality Inquiries Act (Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1988, 5).

patria potestas:
"under Roman law, 'patria potestas' recognized a fathers right to murder his own children" (Resnick, 1970).

pattered injuries:
reflects the identity of the wounding object (Stewart, 1993).

pedophile:
"a person afflicted with "pedophilia", a sexual perversion in which children are preferred as a sexual partner" (WWLIA's Legal Dictionary, on-line).

pedophile:
"chooses children outside the family as a victim; they are more likely than other offenders to admit the need for help but at the same time tend to minimize the severity of their actions; most have been abused themselves, are unassertive and need training in social anxiety reduction" (Gordon, 1991; cited in Parakin, 1998).

Penal Code (1985-Singapore):
"the Penal Code sets out various defences which a person of sound mind can raise when charged with an offence.

penal forensic psychiatry (Sweden):
"that branch of forensic psychiatry that which deals with ascertaining the mental status of criminal offenders in order to provide the courts with the assistance necessary to reach a well-supported psychiatric judgement regarding the offender" (Roslund, 1980, p. 179).

Penitentiary Act (1779-England):
"John Howard assembled his experiences and observations into a booklet entitled "The State of the Prisons", which was published in 1777 and which eventually formed the foundation for what is knows as the Penitentiary Act of 1779 (John Howard Society, British Columbia, 1996, http://www.island.net/~ccampbel/jh1.html).

Penitentiary Act "First" (1868-Canada):
"health care in Canadian prisons was seen as adjunct to a system whose sole objective was punishment and deterrence (CSC, 1981, cited in Smale, 1983, p. 31).

Penitentiary Act "Second" (1961-Canada):
"substantial reforms and changes resulted in correctional services with regards to health care" (Smale 1983, pg. 31).

penology:
"the discipline of penology; a branch of criminology dealing with prison management and the treatment of offenders; word originating in 1838" (Merriam WWWebster Dictionary).

perceived importance:
"the product or effect of insight, intuition or knowledge (education and experience) regarding the value or significance applied to a personal judgment or evaluation of medicolegal behaviors in the treatment of trauma by emergency department nurses" (Lynch, 1990, p. 51).

performed frequency:
"actions taken in accordance with the requirements of medical, legal, and forensic standards involving the number of times a specified event occurs in treatment of current practice, of emergency department nurses working with trauma patients" (Lynch, 1990, p. 51).

peronality:
"a revolving pattern of thinking, prceiving an experiencing which are acquired in early childhood and become lifelong patterns of behaviour (Varcarolis, 1995, p. 341).

personality disorder:
"a person has a personality disorder when personality traits are maladaptive and significantly impair social or occupational functioning (APA, 1987).

personality disorders:
"personality traits that interfere with our ability to deal with the world. The most familiar term is "psychopath". This term is no longer used in present (modern) diagnostic systems, but the word is still widely used. The current term is "antisocial personality disorder" (Arboleda-Florez, Crisanti, & Holley, 1996, p. 22, 28).

philosophy:
"the love of wisdom, as leading to the search for it, hence, knowledge of general principles, elements, powers or causes and laws, as explaining facts and existence; the general laws that furnish the rational explanation of anything" (Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, 1969).

philosophy:
"philosophy is not static, it constantly evolves and may be influenced by any aspect of one's life situation (Landrum, 1988).

philosophy:
"philosophy is an active partner of science, both are necessary and contribute to the quality of life. Science and technology provide necessary problem-solving tools. Philosophy guides people in their use of these tools. Science analyzes the process and examines the facts, whereas philosophy seeks the meaning and the values of the process and attempts to interpret the facts. Science reduces the whole into parts, and philosophy reconstructs the parts in new and more meaningful ways" (Landrum, 1988).

philosophy "existentialism":
"the word existentialism was coined after World War I to designate the philosophical thinking of Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger. Both were indebted to the philosophy of Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), a nineteenth century Danish theologian and philosopher. The writings of Jean-Paul Sartre brought existentialism to the attention of the English speaking world after World War II" (Landrum, 1988).

philosophy "holism & health care":
"within a holistic health framework each individual is considered unique. The philosophy of holistic health care asserts that health and illness must be considered within the context of the individuals life situation. People, including their states of health and illness, do not exist in isolation. They function within many settings, such as familial, occupational, communal, social and cultural. The values beliefs, and behaviors that develop from these settings influence health and illness. When health care professionals are willing to view health and illness within the context of the individual's life, they are better able to understand that person's experience. Holistic health philosophy includes a primary focus on health promotion, or health as a positive process, rather than limiting itself to the elimination of illness" (Landrum, 1988).

philosophy "humanism":
"humanism today is a philosophical movement in which people and their interests, development, fulfillment, and creativity are made central and dominant. It is an ethical doctrine that specifically supports the right to human freedom. A universal tendency of humanists is to emphasize self-understanding, self-determination, and human responsibility. Humanists advocate that people develop individual goals based on their personal life experience (Landrum, 1988)

philosophy "humanistic theorists":
"among the diverse groups of theorists who are essentially humanistic are Abraham Maslow, Frederick (Fritz) Perls, Sidney Jourard, and RD Laing" (Modlin & Adams, 1993).

photographer:
the medical photographer provides photography at post-mortem examinations. Additionally scene of death photography is taken by medical examiner's investigators using "Polaroid" photography. This provides a quick view of the each death scene for the medical examiner at the morning case review (Alberta Justice, 1993, p. 16).

photographer:
the medical photographer job includes film processing, filing, duplication of slides and production of both color and black and white prints. The photographer assembles collections of slides, often for educational presentations and prints for court work (Alberta Justice, 1993, p. 16).

physical abuse:
"incidents that involve patients performing a physical act that would typically produce physical injury or pain to another are classified under the category of physical abuse" (Arboleda-Florez, Crisanti, Rose & Holley, 1994, p. 190).

physical aggression:
"referred to any behaviour that results in physical contact with another or the destruction of property" (Arboleda-Florez, Crisanti, Rose & Holley, 1994, p. 189).

physical assaults:
"against staff members include kicking, punching, deliberately throwing an object and drawing a lethal weapon" (Flannery et al., 1994; cited in Rabin, 1998).

physician-assisted suicide:
"means that the doctor provides the means for death, but does not participate in the death itself" (Cambridge, 1995, cited in Cawsey, 1996, p. 24).

physician-assisted suicide:
"the suicide of a competent human being with a terminal illness, usually by means of an overdose of medication obtained from a physician who has agreed to aid that person's suicide" (Kinsella & Varhoef, 1996).

physician-assisted suicide:
"when a physician acting on a patient's request, helps a patient to end his/her life, by providing the patient the means to commit suicide (Manitoba Survey on PAS and Euthanasia, 1995).

pimp:
"a procurer, one who lives of the avails of prostitutes. A man who "looks after" prostitutes, supplies occasional protection, may sometimes make contacts for tricks, all for a price" (MacInnes, 1994).

pimps "live":
"primarily the street operators; may have some connections with escort agencies; and massage parlors; operate 3-5 prostitutes whose 'looks' are not that important; can generate between &700-1000 a night" (Ross MacInnes, Calgary Herald, Jan 21, 1995).

plaintiff:

plethysmography:
peter meter" instrument or testing of sexual responses for the assessment of sex offenders.

police officers:
"members of a police force which is a body of trained officers entrusted by a government with maintenance of public peace and order, enforcement of laws, and prevention and detection of crime" (Merriam Webster Dictionary, Available: http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/mweb.

police officers:
"members of a police force which is a body of trained officers entrusted by a government with maintenance of public peace and order, enforcement of laws, and prevention and detection of crime" (Merriam WWWebster Dictionary).

police officers and deputy sheriffs:
"maintain law and order, prevent crime, and arrest offenders" (Evans, 1996).

police surgeons:
"physicians trained in forensic medicine who may be called on to provide documentation and possible presentation during criminal and civil cases. They examine living people in addition to performing autopsies. Police surgeons are well established in most European and British commonwealth countries, in much of Asia, in Mexico, and in areas of South America" (Curran & Shapiro, 1970, cited in Schramm, 1991, p. 673).

popcorns:
"young pimps embarking on their career or pimps on their may out; usually late in his teens; operates one prostitute; seeks to impress more experienced pimps and to expand his business" (Ross MacInnes, Calgary Herald, Jan 21, 1995).

population at risk:
"the concept originated in epidemiology. When epidemiologists speak of "populations at risk", they are referring to groups of people who have the greatest potential to develop a particular health or social problem because of the presence or absence of certain contributing factors (Clark, 1996).

pornography:
"the depiction of erotic behavior (as in pictures or writing) intended to cause sexual excitement" (Webster Dictionary, 1996).

pornography:
"the Ashworth Hospital Working party proposed a harm-based legal definition of pornography. In their final report to the Hospital Management group they defined pornography as (1) any material which is graphic and sexually explicit and subordinates women (and in some cases men); (2) any material which contains any one or more conditions of harm in the form of sexual objectification or sexual violence" (Ashcroft, 1993; cited in Mercer & Mckeown, 1997, p. 59).

positivist school of criminology:
"led by Cesare Lombroso (physician, psychiatrist, and professor of forensic medicine); Lombroso's 1876 view implied rigorously deterministic explanations of human behaviour in a science of inescapable causal chains" (Bloch & Geis, 1970).

power assertive rapist:
"recognized by his use of moderate to excessive force" (Merrill,1996).

power reassurance rapist:
"generally surprises the victim" (Merrill,1996).

power model or gender-politics model:
"the model that violence is used to exert power over others (for example, men over women or children)".

predatory:
"an act is directed toward a stranger, a person of casual acquaintance with whom no substantial relationship exists, or an individual with whom a relationship has been established or promoted for the primary purpose of victimization".

preferential child offenders:
"are most commonly referred to as "Pedophiles"; have a definite sexual preference for children; engage in highly predictable and often high-risk activities to identify and seduce their victims; potential exists for a high victim-offender ratio" (The FBI Academy's Behavioral Science Services; McIlwaine, 1996).

premenstrual syndrome:
"the issue of premenstrual syndrome as a possible precipitating factor in female criminality has been raised on a number of occasions in the British courts. The first case was the arson case of R v. Owen in 1978" (Edwards, 1984).

pre-sentence assessment:
"a court ordered assessment report on a person, prior to sentencing, who has been found guilty of criminal charge(s). The report provides information and recommendations compiled by a forensic psychiatric assessment team, to assist the court in the sentencing. The pre-sentence letter (report) to the court is generally more detailed, especially regarding the offense than the court letter written for pre-trial assessment (Kent-Wilkinson, 1998)".

pre-trial assessment:
"a court ordered assessment report on a person who has been remanded to the forensic unit (usually for 30 days) for an psychiatric assessment pertaining to "fitness to stand trial". The assessment may be requested by any of the following: the arresting officer(s), remand staff, lawyer, judge, crown prosecutor, or a psychiatrist" (Kent-Wilkinson, 1998)".

prevalence:
"the total number of people affected by a specific condition at a specified point in time" (Clark, 1996, p. 103).

preventive aggression devices (PADs):
"similar to handcuffs and shackles" (Van Rybroek, Kuhlman, Maier, & Kaye, 1987; cited in McDonnell & Reeves, 1996, p. 43).

primum non nocere:
latin for "first do no harm".

prison:
"term to describe federal or state institutions housing primarily convicted felons, serving sentences of more than one year" (US Justice Department, 1980, cited in Moritz, 1982, p. 253).

prison:
"an institution (in the US) for the confinement of persons convicted of criminal offenses"(Manning, 1997).

prison:
"a closed environment responsible for the control and management of a prisoner's life. Prisons (in the US) are designed to deny a person freedom and to be a punishment" (Bernier, 1990, p. 694).

prison:
"a prison is a place of confinement especially for lawbreakers' (Webster, 1998).

prisons:
"prisons are long term facilities run by the state or federal government" (Leben & Blum, 1997. p. 368).

prisons:
"correctional facilities that house convicted inmates who have sentences more than a year or the maximum jail term; prison systems are operated by states or the (US) federal government" (Thorburn, 1995, p. 561).

prisons:
"usually run by the state of federal government (in the US), are for persons who have been convicted of a crime that carries a sentence of more than one year" (Holly, 1972, p. 1621).

prisons:
"prisons today are called "correctional facilities," implying that correction of the inmate is the primary purpose of the prison" (Penner, 1978, p. 518).

Prison for Women (P4W):
"until recently, Canada had only one federal prison for female offenders, which was the Prison for Women (P4W) in Kingston. The P4W is a maximum security prison and, as a result (with few exceptions), women sentenced to two years or more served their sentence at the P4W, regardless of their security classification" (Blanchette, 1997, p. 36).

prison health:
"health care provided to individuals incarcerated in juvenile detention facilitates, municipal and county jails, state and federal prisons, and other detention-type centres".

Prison Medical Officer (PMO):
"the Prison Medical Officer covers more than the direct concerns of an inmate's day to day welfare. Medical Officers are expected to monitor standards of food and hygiene, and certify prisoners fit for labor, punishment or transfer. At the same time they provide expert opinion for the courts pronouncing upon whether a prisoner should be granted their liberty" (Senior, 1998, p. 235).

Prison Medical Service (PMS):
the English Prison Medical Service was established by the Prison Commission in 1877 (Polczyk-Przybyla & Gournay, 1999, p. 895).

prisoner:
"the two main types of prisoner are the remand and the convicted prisoner" (Manning, 1997).

prisoner "convicted":
"once the trial has taken place the accused is either found not guilty, in which case he will be released, or guilty in which case he may be sentences to a term of imprisonment" (Manning, 1997).

prisoner "remand":
"throughout history, most societies have built places in which to hold person accused of criminal acts pending some form of trial. The remand prisoner, has not yet been found guilty of a crime, but the crime is such that it is in his own interest or in the interests of the public, that he be held in custody awaiting trial" (Manning, 1997).

Probation Officers (PO's):
"a contrast between the bureaucratic function and the relationship function, probation officers "must satisfy the rules of the court, the law enforcement agencies, the legal profession, the community and the standards of the particular agency. On the other hand the needs of the offender, that is the psychological, physical, social developmental, and rehabilitative needs must be met"(Spica, 1984, cited in Brennan et al, 1986, p. 343).
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Probation and Parole Officers (PO's):
"monitor and counsel offenders, process their release from correctional institutions, and evaluate their progress in becoming productive members of society" (Evans, 1996).

proctutor fiscal:
"name for coroner role in Scotland" (Dr, Butt, 1996).

prohibition:
"according to this position it is a criminal offense to import, distribute, possess controlled substances, for non medical purposes. Severe penalties may be imposed up to up to life imprisonment and in some countries, death. Total prohibition is characterized by rigid enforcement of all offences (zero tolerance)" (LeCavelier, 1998, p. 1).

prohibition-temperance movement (1920s-Canada):
"the history of intoxicant control in Canada shows government legislation was motivated by the Temperance Movement (Kowalchuk, 1989, p. 12).

professional ethics:
"professional ethics on the other hand is a codified guide regulating the behavior of medical and other health professionals in their dealings with patients and with each other" (Carlisle, 1998, p. 40).

prosecutor:
"means the Attorney General or where the Attorney General does not intervene, means the person who institutes proceedings to which this Act applies, and includes counsel acting on behalf of either of them.

prosecuting attorney (1832-UK):
"an attorney who conducts proceedings in a court on behalf of the government" (Merriam Webster Dictionary).

prostitute:
"one who solicits and accepts payment for sexual acts. A person of either sex who engages in prostitution" (MacInnes, 1994).

prostitution:
"the exchange of sexual favours for money or other material goods without any emotional involvement (Sturdy, 1997).

psychiatry:
"that branch of medicine which deals with mental illness, emotional problems and personality disorders" (Sadoff, 1975, p. 5).

psychiatry:
"psychiatry developed in the 1800's as a branch of medicine, which itself exists for the purpose of diagnosing, treating and preventing illness. Its closest counterpart in psychology is clinical psychology (Grisso, 1993, p.138).

psychoanalytic theory:
"the theory that human beings have an internal need to discharge hostility. When one's ego has insufficient strength to channel this hostility into acceptable forms of expression, violence may result. From this perspective, we all have "tendencies" toward violence that can be triggered by internal and external events, but that are controlled by the ego in most of us".

psychological autopsy:
"review by the health care team of factors related to a client's death by suicide".

psychological autopsy examiners "independent":
"follow a protocol which includes demographic information about the patient, details of the death, family, social, psychiatric, criminal, and correctional histories, family death trends, precipitating events, and conclusions about the psychological cause of the suicide" (Michael W.F. Decaire, Available, http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~pals/forensics. E-Mail: mwfdecai@ice.lakeheadu.ca

psychological theories:
"the theory that attributes violence to one of several approaches: developmental; interpersonal dynamics; dependency, or psychoanalytic".

psychosis:
"those conditions that cause the individuals to lose contact with reality. The two most common are schizophrenia and affective disorders" (Arboleda-Florez, Crisanti, & Holley, 1996, p. 21).

psychosis:
"a type of mental impairment which generally comprises a problem with reality testing...knowing what is real vs what is not; often psychoses also are characterized by general disorganization of the sufferers functioning overall...primarily thinking but also behavior and feelings...as well as apperception (input)".

psychosis theory:
"the theory that delusional thinking and auditory hallucinations contribute to aggressive and neglectful behavior" (Davidovich, 1990).

psychotropic medications:
"were developed for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Large numbers of the mentally ill could now be cared for in the community and therefore the need for community resources increased".

pull factors:
"rather than need, the factors that "pull" prostitutes into the profession are factors of want, (for example, improve standard of living, ease of making money through prostitution compared with the drudgery of regular jobs and desire for money for the purpose of "partying")" (MacInnes, 1994).

purloin:
"steal; 'he was caught in possession of a purloined cheque'. Old French purloigner (to put away)".

push factors:
"factors that prostitutes feel "push" them into prostitution (e.g. a child to support, not enough money from parents, lack of skills or training related to jobs)" (MacInnes, 1994).

References