"pimps who operate at the top of the prostitution sociological scale; high quality girls are offered; macks make more money than pimps; 'businessmen' with connections to organized crime across N. America" (Ross MacInnes, Calgary Herald, Jan 21, 1995).

mandatory sentences:
"statutorily mandated penalties have replaced indeterminate sentences that provided judges with a range of sanctions for the specific offense" (Thorburn, 1995, p. 561).

mania operative passiva:
"Jan Martin Charcot wrote about an odd pattern of behaviour among some young men , who through self inflicted injuries, or falsified medical documents, sought to gain hospitalization and treatment. Charcot called this condition 'mania operative passiva' http://www.ieway.com/~csukbr/juslib/92jun006.html In later years doctors said that the Munchausen trend reminded them of the claims made about hysteria by French physician Jean-Martin Charcot in the late 1800s.

manner of death:
refers to the circumstances in which the cause of death arose, and are generally considered to be natural, accidental, suicidal, homicide, or undetermined (Besant - Matthews, 1989, cited in Hoyt & Spangler, 1996. p. 25).

manslaughter:
"unplanned killing; in law, unlawful killing without malice aforethought. 'Following the fatal accident, the driver was charged with manslaughter'. Old English, mann and Old Norse slatr (butchered meat).

manslaughter:
"accidental homicide or homicide which occurs without an intent to kill, and which does not occur during the commission of another crime or under extreme provocation" (WWLIA Legal Dictionary, 1996, Available: http://www.islandnet.com/~wwlia/diction.htm

marijuana:
"with the high potency of marijuana you are not dealing with the same drug you were a generation ago. Marijuana is 20-30 times stronger than a generation ago" (Koziey, 1996).

marijuana (cannabis indica) (Indian hemp):
"between 1840 and 1900, European and American medical journals published over 100 articles on the therapeutic use of the drug known then as 'cannabis indica' or (Indian hemp) and known now as marijuana. It was recommended as an appetite stimulant, muscle relaxant, analgesic, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant" (Grinspoon, 1995, p. 1875).

mass murderer:
"the wanton killing of many people [syn: massacre]" (Webster Dictionary, 1996, on-line).

mechanism of death:
the physiological derangement, or biochemical disturbance incompatible with life which is initiated by the cause of death - all too often is listed by clinician as the cause of death (Besant-Matthews, 1989, cited in Hoyt & Spangler, 1996. p. 25).

Media Influence Theory:
"the theory that the quantity of exposure to and the glorification of violence contributes to aggression" (Davidovich, 1990).

Medical Examiner:
"a community-based practicing physician who serves the department of the Attorney General - Office of the Chief Medical Examiner on a fee for service part-time bases by directing the investigation and certification of the medical cause, manner and circumstances of notifiable deaths" (Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 1988).

Medical Examiner:
"under the Medical Examiner System, the head of the department is a board-certified forensic pathologist who directs and appoints the personnel of the department" (Chien, 1996, Available: http://140.116.5.4/~chungho/history.htm).

Medical Examiner:
"pathologists who have specialized in forensic medicine. They commonly have the authority to investigate cases of sudden death and to determine the cause and manner of death. They have become the principle forensic officers in most states, (provinces) and large cities" (Schramm, 1991, p.673).

Medical Examiners:
"(physicians) in Alberta, investigate medical issues and provincial court judges deal with matters that arise in the conduct of a public inquiry (inquest) into the death if such is held" (Alberta Justice, 1994, p. 1).

Medical Examiner's Investigators:
"a part of full time employee of the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, who has special training in scene investigation and assessment of bodies. The investigator must also act as a liaison officer between the legal and medical systems involved in sudden death (Alberta-Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 1988, p. 5).

Medical Examiner's (Death) Investigators:
"assist medical examiners in their death investigation. In practice every member of the RCMP or of a municipal police force is, by virtue of his/her office a medical examiner's investigator. There are 10 full time medical examiner's investigators who work for the Chief Medical examiner's office in Calgary and Edmonton" (Alberta Justice, 1994, p. 1).

Medical Examiner Nurse Investigator (Nurse Death Investigators):
"the application of nursing knowledge in the investigation of any medicolegal death. Medicolegal deaths include any unexpected or violent death. Wherever the cause of death is unclear or even remotely suspicious, the medical examiner must investigate" (Descheneaux, 1991; Lynch, 1993).

Medical Examiner System:
"is headed by a forensic pathologist, who is a medical specialist appointed by the governor, the department of health, or some other agency or commission (depending on the jurisdiction). This pathologist supervises trained forensic medical examiners, who are usually but not always, doctors as well. Those who are not doctors come from a variety of backgrounds, including nursing, physician assistant, or emergency medical technician programs and police work. In most jurisdictions they are required to undergo rigorous death investigation training" (Descheneaux, 1991, p. 55).

Medical Examiner System:
"the two types of systems available in Canada in the investigation of sudden death are the coroner system and the medical examiner system; the medical examiner and the coroner both collect medical and other evidence in order to determine the medical cause and manner of death; the medical examiner system is physician based where the coroner system is not; the medical examiner system involves medical and administrative elements, but not judicial" (Alberta-Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1988, p. 1).

Medical Examiner (Police Investigator):
"ordinarily the police officer acts to assist the medical examiner in obtaining essential information or notifying next of kin. The police must also safeguard valuables and help arrange for identification, especially where this is complicated by the condition of the body or distance. For violent deaths under the criminal code the police are in charge of the investigation and the medical examiner is obligated to assist them in anyway possible" (Alberta Justice, 1990, p. 8).

medical jurisprudence:
"the study of medicine, as it pertains to law, legal science, legal practice and legal precedent".

medical jurisprudence:
"the book, 'Medical Jurisprudence' written by James Henri Lloyd of the US in 1905 was the definitive publication in the field; it was quoted and used in legal briefs over the next 30 years" (Quen, 1994, p. 1008).

medical record:
"the medical record is the property of the hospital. The purpose of a record for each patient is to document assessments, treatment and progress of that patient. It is expected that the documentation be accurate, timely and that it be held in a confidential and secure manner" (Cochran, 1999, p. 43).

medical records:
"patients health care records document the chronological history of their illness and treatment, and provide an important medium for the communication of information between health care professionals" (Grange, Renvoize & Pinder, 1998, p. 41).

medicalization:
"involves the stages of identification, classification, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis" (Mason & Mercer, 1996, p. 156).

medicalization:
"this involves specific exemptions to criminal offenses for the medical management of drug dependence. For example, methadone is widely used in the management of opioid dependence. In Canada federal regulations would allow the use of any drug in the management of dependence, provided the method used is scientifically sound and medically acceptable" (LeCavelier, 1998, p. 1).

medicolegal:
"pertaining to law and medicine" (Webster's Dictionary, 1987).

medicolegal or legal medicine:
"the arm of common interest to medicine and law, where medical knowledge is applied to the administration of justice" (Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, 1996).

medicolegal cases or "living forensic" patients
"individuals who survive trauma are categorized as medicolegal cases or "living forensic patients". Such cases include the following: all victims of violence, (spouse, child or elder abuse), sexual assault; drug/alcohol addiction; suicide attempts; automobile and pedestrian accidents; occupational related injuries, medical malpractice; food and drug tampering; environmental hazards; and any liability related bodily insult" (Erkert, 1986, cited in Lynch, 1993, p.8).

medicolegal death:
"any death that must be investigated. Depending on the locale either a medical examiner or a coroner will conduct the investigation. Generally speaking medicolegal deaths include unexpected or violent death. In addition, these situations also require investigation; the death or an infant or child, unidentified or prominent person, and anyone not under a doctor's care; death occurring less than 24 hours after hospital admission; death involving negligence or malfunctioning equipment; and death of anyone in police custody. In short whenever the cause of death is unclear or remotely suspicious the medical examiner must investigate" (Descheneaux, 1991, p. 52).

Medium Secure Units (MSU's):
the (MSU) Medium Secure Building Program of the 1870's came about as a result of the accumulation of inappropriately placed patients both in the high security hospitals and the prison system (Polczyk-Przybyla & Gournay, 1999, p. 894).

megalomania:
"mental disorder producing delusion of grandeur".

mens rea:
"the intent to commit a crime".

mens rea:
"guilty in mind".

mens rea:
"for a person to be guilty, in law, there must be evidence that they are actus reus (guilty by act) and mens rea (guilty in mind)" (Mason & Mercer, 1998).

mental disorder (legal) (Canada):
"disease of the mind; no precise definition of what is a disease of the mind has been created" (Canada Criminal Code, Bill C-30, Feb 4, 1992; Alberta Forensic Psychiatry Services, 1997).

mental disorder (legal)(Canada):
"disease of the mind" (Swaminath, Norris, Komer, & Sidhu, 1993, p. 567).

mental disorder (legal) (Canada):
in 1992 in Canada, with the passing of Bill C-30, an Act to amend the Criminal Code of Canada. 'insanity' was replaced by 'mental disorder' and defined as a 'disease of the mind'(Swaimnath, Norris, Komer, & Sidhu, 1993).

mental disorder (Ontario, Canada):
"the Ontario MHA defines "mental disorder" as "any disease or disability of the mind." This definition is extremely broad and it is the health professions, not the legal system with the initial responsibility of determining which conditions fall within the medical, and therefore the legal, definition of "disorder." In the DSM-IV mental illness as a clinical cluster of signs and symptoms of a behavioural or psychological nature. Mental disorders usually cause impairment in one or more of the areas of cognition, affect, behaviour, perception, and volition (Bloom & Bay 1996, p 2-3).

mental disorder (clinical) (Canada):
"a substantial disorder of thought, mood, perception, orientation, and memory that grossly impairs: judgement; behaviour; capacity to recognize reality; or ability to meet the ordinary demands of life" (Mental Health Act-Alberta, 1990).

mental disorder (clinical)(US):
"includes mental illness, mental subnormality, psychopathology and any other disorder or disability of the mind" (Mental Health Act, United States, 1959, cited in Prins, 1981, p. 421).

mentally disturbed persons (Japan):
"in Japan mentally disturbed persons are defined in Mental Health Law as having psychosis (including toxic psychosis), mental retardation, or a psychopathic personality" (article3) (Sakuta, 1995, p. 135).

mental health:
"includes normal behavior, absence of mental disease, adjustment to the environment, a perception of reality and personality integration" (Scheller-King & Finneran, 1982, p. 58).

mental health:
"the capacity of the individual, the group and the environment to interact with one another in ways that promote subjective well-being, the optimal development and use of mental abilities, (cognitive, affective and relational), the achievement of individual and collective goals consistent with justice and the attainment and preservation of conditions of fundamental equality" (Health and Welfare Canada, 1988).

Mental Health Services:
"delivered through government departments, hospitals, community agencies, and private practitioners".

Mental Health System:
"the general purpose of Mental Health Systems is to promote, preserve, and restore the mental health of citizens. This mission is achieved through the equitable, effective, efficient and accountable delivery of services and programs, in response to the needs of citizens. The Mental Health System serves those who are ill, their families and the community at large".

mental illness:
"as a concept holds no exact definition, grounded in psychiatry, it represents psychiatric disorders that are considered to be both medical and social problems" (Anderson, 1997, p. 244).

mental illness:
"any disorder that affects the mind or body" (Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 1970, cited in Scheller-King & Finneran, 1982, p. 59).

mental illness "homeless":
"among the homeless population, there are varying degrees of mental illness, including chemical dependence; schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were found to be the two most prevalent psychiatric disorders among the homeless mentally ill offender population" (McFarland & Blair, 1995)

mental illness "chronic":
"was defined by the criteria which included diagnosis of a major mental illness; significant treatment history, for example, state hospitalization for a minimum of 60 days within the past two years; continuous attendance at a community mental health service for three or more years; five or more face to face contacts with psychiatric emergency service within the past two years, and disability as indicated by a Global Assessment scale (GAS) score" (Solomon, Draine, Markenko, & Meyerson, 1992, p. 169).

mentally ill offenders:
"clients who show mental illness or emotional problems and are involved in some way with the criminal justice system" (Dunn, Selzer & Tomcho, 1996. p. 373).

mentally ill offender "chronic":
"individuals broadly defined as those who suffer severe and persistent emotional disorders, that interfere with functional capabilities in relation to such primary aspects of life as self care and interpersonal relationships. These individuals tend to commit lesser level crimes such as obtaining food by fraud, disturbing the peace, resisting arrest and/or shoplifting"(Goldman, Gatozzi & Taube, 1981; Arboleda-Florez & Chato, 1985).

mental illness, mental disorder, mental disease:
"any psychiatric illness or disease included in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases or the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders" (cited in Allen, Ferster & Rubin, 1975, p. 806).

mental retard:
"the terms 'mental retard', 'spastic', and 'mentally handicapped' are other labels that appeared later in history. The term challenging behaviour' began appearing in journals such as "Mental Handicap' around 1985, and has become readily accepted since its inception" (Musker, 1998).

mental retardation:
"according to the American Association on Mental Retardation, a person is defined as being mentally retarded based on three criteria: an IQ score of 70-75 or below, the condition (onset) is present by the 18th birthday and significant limitation in two or more adaptive skill areas (self-care, home living, social skills, communication, health and safety, functional academics, community use and work)" (The Arc, 1993),

mentally retarded offender:
"an individual deemed mentally retarded and involued in the criminal justive system (Kent-Wilkinson, 2000).

mercy killing:
"mercy" meaning "more kindness than justice"; "killing" meaning more "deadly, destructive, fatal". Mercy killing is applied to a client who is incompetent and is unable to express their choice. In mercy killing, unlike euthanasia, the client has no input as he is unable to make his wishes known due to the degree of physical or mental impairment".

metaparadigm:
"the most global perspective of a discipline, the first level of distinction between disciplines. Nursing's four metaparadigm concepts are: person, environment, health, and nursing" (Fawcett, 1989).

meta-theory of cognition:
"the theory that purports that living systems are 'structure-determined', their operation is a function of how they are built, arrayed, and put together is the Meta-Theory of Cognition" (Maturana & Varela, 1987, 1992).

misandry:
"hatred of men".

misanthropy:
"hatred of humans".

misogamy:
"hatred of marriage".

misogyny:
"hatred of women".

M'Naughen Rule (1834):
"excuses a defendent who by virtue of a defect of reason or disease of the mind does not know the nature and the quality of the act, or if he does, does not know that the act is wrong" [McNaughen Case, 8 Eng. Rep.718, 1834] (Padberg, 1972, p.164).

modosu:
"In Japan 'modosu' referred to the custom whereby the midwife, after delivering the baby and after determining that the father did not want it, would return it 'godsend' to 'heaven' by covering its nostrils with paper soaked in water, thus ending its life" (Pitt & Bale, 1995).

morbidity:
"the ratio of the number of cases of disease or condition to a given population. Morbidity is described in terms of incidence or prevalence rates" (Clark, 1996, p. 102).

mortality:
"the ratio of the number of deaths in various categories to a given population. Mortality rates describe deaths" (Clark, 1996, p. 101).

mortification:
"prison inflicts the subtle pain of punishment beyond the mere removal of liberty, by the process of what Goffman calls "mortification". The prison by regimenting and controlling all activity removes any choices that the inmate may make. There is a dehumanizing effect of the regimentation during intake procedures, and with the use of regulated clothing, eating time, shower time, clinic time and so forth" (Goffman, 1974, cited in Alexander-Rodriguez, 983, p. 116).

multidisciplinary team working:
"multidisciplinary team working lies at the heart of mental health care, possibly more than any other branch of professional practice Its multidisciplinary collaboration affords a number of professions to debate issues relating to patient care, its pools together areas of knowledge and expertise, it expands the breadth of interpretations relating to the patients mental state or behaviour and to share decision making, responsibility, and risk" (Mason & Mercer, 1998, p. 253).

Multifactorial Theories:
"the theory that explains violence in terms of multiple contributing factors that may interact in different ways in different situations. Theoretical perspectives that acknowledge the interplay of a variety of factors in the development of violent behaviors are useful in directing forensic nursing intervention".

Munchausen's Syndrome:
"a mental disorder in which the patient persistently tries to obtain hospital treatment, especially surgery, for an illness that is non-existent. It is an extreme form of malingering. The disease may be described in vivid detail, and in some cases injury may be deliberately self-inflicted in an attempt to give the appearance of authenticity to the claims being made (Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary, 1998).

Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP):
"Meadow, a British pediatrician first described and defined MBPD in 1977 as a disorder in which a parent either induces or fabricates illness in a child in order to achieve prolonged or repeated contact with the health care system" (Meadow, 1997).

Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP):
"the patient inflicts harm on others (often children) in order to attract medical attention" (Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary, 1998).

Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP):
"the term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" (MSBP) was coined around twenty years ago, and hundreds of reports have appeared since then. In most cases, a mother either claims that her child is sick, or she goes even further to actually make the child sick. This "devoted" parent then continually presents the child for medical treatment, all the while denying any knowledge of the origin of the problem--namely, herself. As a result, MSBP victims may undergo extraordinary numbers of lab tests, medication trials, and even surgical procedures that aren't really needed" (Feldman, 1996, http://www.shpm.com/articles/parenting/hsmun.html).

Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP):
"there is no consensus among doctors, child care professionals, lawyers and others about Munchausen, even on what to call it. Also, referred to as Factitious Disorder by Proxy and Pediatric Condition Falsification, it is not classified as a disorder in the DSM-IV, the American Psychiatric Association's "bible" of mental conditions, because of "insufficient information." The American Academy of Pediatrics also has no policy on it.

Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP):
"the DSM IV classifies the disorder MSBP as a factitious disorder not otherwise specified" (APA, 1994).

Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP):
"MSBP is a rare but serious and potentially lethal form of child abuse in which a primary caregiver induces or reports factitious symptoms in a child (Volz, 1995).

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy:
"Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy - is a rare and sometimes fatal form of child abuse that has been documented since the late 1970's. It almost always presents in the mother. The mother appears as the concerned parent with a medical history of chronic illness or difficult to diagnose symptoms. The parent fabricates the child's illness and induces symptoms while demanding increasingly intrusive levels of medical interventions for the child" (Boros & Brubaker, 1992, p. 20).

murder:
"as a term originated from the Les Murdrorum Law of 1066 England, that imposed fines if the death of a Norman nobleman occurred. In 1340, Les Murdrorum Law was repealed, but the word murder had entered into the English language as a term for homicide" (Mant, 1987, cited in Schramm, 1991, p. 670-671).

murder:
"a death by murder is violent, no matter how painless and immediate. Sudden death elicits shock and numbness. Murders as with any sudden death, disallows any good-byes" (Gyulay, 1989, p. 120).

murder:
"intentional homicide (the taking of another person's life), without legal justification or provocation" (WWLIA Legal Dictionary, 1996, on-line).

murder:
"murder as a word originated after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 (Mant, 1987, cited in Schramm, 1991, p. 670-671).

murder:
"a death by murder is violent, no matter how painless and immediate; sudden death elicits shock and numbness; murders as with any sudden death, disallows any good-byes" (Gyulay, 1989, p. 120).

murder:
"intentional homicide (the taking of another person's life), without legal justification or provocation" (WWLIA Legal Dictionary, Available: http://www.islandnet.com/~wwlia/diction.htm.

murder:
"the unlawful killing of a human being with deliberate intent, malice aforethought, or, in some cases, reckless and depraved indifference" (Jerry P. Nims, Ph.D., J.D.)

murder "first degree":
"includes all planned and deliberate murders, as well as the murder of a police officer, prison employee, or any other person authorized to work in a prison while on duty. Murders that are committed while someone is attempting to commit certain other offences are also classified as first-degree murder" (Correctional Service Canada, 1993).

murder "mass":
"the wanton killing or massacre of many people" (Webster Dictionary, on-line).

References