"the term 'idiot' is a Greek term meaning 'a person who cannot take part in life and carry on conversations (Musker, in press). In Roman households, 'idiots' were purchased from the market for 20,000 sesterces for home entertainment (Musker, 1998).

imbecile:
the expression 'imbecile' is possibly derived from the word 'bacillum' meaning short stick, as these people were often physically weak and required support (Hallas, Fraser, & MacGillivray, 1982. Terms like 'cretinism', 'imbecile' and 'gargoylism', are almost medieval in their description (Fraser, MacGillivray & Green, 1991; cited in Musker, 1998).

immuno-assay:
a technique to measure the level of a known specific drug (Alberta Justice, 1993, p. 14).

imprisonment "term of imprisonment":
"the idea of confining persons to prison after the trial, as punishment for their crime is relatively new. Generally imprisonment was a sentenced reserved for someone committing a crime against the state" (Manning, 1997).

incarcerate:
"imprison; 'Judges have the power to incarcerate convicted offenders". Latin in - (in) and carcer (prison)".

incest offender:
"commits offenses against children within their immediate family; they tend to minimize, deny, be passive, have difficulties in adult relationships, have marriage problems related to feelings of inadequacy, are poor at communicating and problem solving, and have distorted views about relationships and sexuality" (Gordon, 1991; cited in Parakin, 1998).

incidence rates:
"new cases collected over a continuous period of time. The new cases which occur are added to the numerator. It is a cumulative count of a population at risk over a specified time period (e.g. month, year, decade)" (Clark, 1996, p. 103).

indict:
"charge with a crime; 'He was indicted on six counts of burglary'. Latin, in (towards) and dicere (to say)".

indictable offence:
"a serious offence".

indigenous:
"applies to species or races and adds to "native" the implication of not having been introduced from elsewhere; maize is indigenous to America" (WWWebster Dictionary On-line).

independents:
"mistresses of self deception; are 'freelance" prostitutes who work independently of pimps" (Ross MacInnes, Calgary Herald, Jan 21, 1995).

indeterminate sentence:
"one in which the length of sentence was not precisely determined; within a (deterministic) medical model, the (indeterminate sentence) plan allows for early release of inmates deemed by certain experts to have been rehabilitated" (Penner, 1978, p. 520).

index offense:
"generally refers to the offense which got the offender into his current trouble. For example, if I am in jail for murdering a bank clerk that would be the index offense, as opposed to crimes which I may have committed in the past. To put it another way, a distinction is made between prior offenses and the offense currently being addressed In the USA this is also referred to as the "instant offense" (Jim Seward, aka Cliff Claven)

infanticide:
"Resnick (1970) noted that all child murders are lumped together under the term of infanticide. Resnick proposed the opinion of two distinct types of child murder: "neonaticide" as defined as the killing of a neonate on the day of it's birth, and "filicide" which is operationally defined as the murder of a son or daughter older than 24 hours (Resnick, 1970, p. 58).

infanticide:
"the murder of an infant born alive; the murder or killing of a newly born or young child; child murder; one who commits the crime of infanticide; one who kills an infant" (Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913).

infanticide:
"a term which is commonly used to describe child homicide" (Pitt & Bale, 1995).

infanticide:
"in Japan the word 'mabiki' was used to describe infanticide; the word originally referred to the thinning of vegetable sprouts on the farm" (Pitt & Bale, 1995).

informal patients "voluntary":
"are voluntary admissions to psychiatric facilities" (Province of Alberta, Mental Health Act, 1988).

informed consent:
"the ability of people receiving experimental therapies to make competent decisions about their medical care. Patients are provided with an "informed consent form" which indicates the potential risks, benefits and alternatives to the therapy in question. If a clinical trial is involved, the trial protocol also is outlined, especially what participants will experience. After reading the informed consent form, individuals sign it to indicate that they understand its contents and agree to proceed with therapy under the conditions it outlines".

informed consent:
"an ethical principle that requires researchers to obtain the voluntary participation of subjects, after informing them of possible risks and benefits" (Polit & Hungler, 1987).

injuries (bite mark):
pattern injuries made by a human or animal (Stewart, 1993).

injuries (blunt):
"abrasions, contusions, lacerations, or fractures consistent with crushing impact against the body with a blunt object" (Stewart, 1993).

injuries (blunt):
"blunt injuries may result from homicidal attacks, assaults, various forms of abuse, accidents and resuscitative measures. Abrasions, contusions, lacerations and fractures are blunt injuries. They all result from the crushing impact of a surface against a portion of the body" (Schramm, 1991, p. 682).

injuries (driving):
small, numerous or minute cuts consistent with contact or shattered tempered glass (Stewart, 1993).

injuries (fast force):
gun shot wounds are classified in this type of injury. The extent of injury varies greatly and depends on many factors including mechanisms of wounding, type of weapon used, characteristic of the bullet and missile ballistics (Stewart, 1993).

injuries "pattered":
reflects the identity of the wounding object (Stewart, 1993).

injuries "sharp":
"stab wounds or incised wounds consistent with crushing impact against the body with a blunt object" (Stewart, 1993).

injuries (sharp):
"sharp injuries include stab wounds and incised wounds. Incised wounds or cuts extend along the skin surface more than they extend inward, and yield little information regarding the nature of the sharp object. Stab wounds are caused by fairly long, usually sharp objects and generally penetrate more deeply than the length of the surface defect (Besant-Matthews, 1987). Stab wounds usually have a characteristic appearance that can yield important information about the type and size of the weapon used t inflict them" (Schramm, 1991, p. 682).

inmate:
"a male or female of any age who is incarcerated in a jail, prison juvenile detention facility, or similar setting where freedom and movement is restricted and controlled" (Peternelj-Taylor, 1997).

inmate "federal":
"inmates convicted of violating Federal laws (laws of the United States) are sent to Federal prisons, with a few exceptions. Individuals awaiting trial for violating Federal laws are also held in Federal prisons. The Federal Bureau of Prisons also houses a few state inmates. However, most inmates convicted of violating state or local laws are sent to state prisons or city or county jails" (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 1996).

intent:
"heresy and subversion are crimes that speak to intent which go back to ancient Rome"

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insane criminals:
"those whose insanity was not a causative factor in their criminality - recovered from their insanity, they would still pose a criminal threat to their neighbors" (Quen, 1989; Quen, 1994, p. 1007).

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insanity:
"defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a "vague legal term for psychosis, now obsolete in forensic usage" (Allen, Ferster & Rubin, 1975, cited in Scheller-King & Finneran, 1982, p. 60).

insanity:
"in 1992 in Canada, with the passing of Bill C-30, an Act to amend the Criminal Code of Canada. 'insanity' was replaced by 'mental disorder' and defined as a 'disease of the mind'," (Swaimnath, Norris, Komer, & Sidhu, 1993).

insanity:
"defined by Lloyd in 1905 as "an affection of the brain which is characterized by derangement of the mental faculties (Lloyd, 1905, cited in Quen, 1994, p. 1008).

insanity:
"a legal, not medical term a defense to a crime since 1863 or in some ways earlier the definition varies somewhat from jurisdiction to jurisdiction but essentially adds up to: a person who has a mental disorder or illness and because of that cannot know the nature of their acts, control themselves or know the difference between right and wrong, cannot intend intent is the mental element of a crime. the act is the physical element. both are necessary to comprise a crime. Intent is necessary for a crime (generalization) and that a mentally disturbed person may not be able to form an intent".

insanity defence (US):
"the insanity defence (criminal responsibility) relates to the defendant's mental condition at the time of the commission of the crime (Laben & Blum, 1997, p. 371).

insanity defence -Trial of Hadfield (1799-England):
"legal precedent, for the 'insanity defence' special verdict: 'We find that the prisoner is not guilty, he being under the influence of insanity at the time the act was committed" (Cohen, 1981, cited in Mason & Chandley, 1990, p. 668).

insanity defence - (1956-Canada):
"the (Canadian) Royal Commission on the Law of Insanity as a Defence in Criminal Cases (Chalke et al, 1995, p. 121).

insanity defence (1991-Canada):
"Regina v. Swain (May 2, 1991) - The decision of the Supreme Court of Canada's spurred the federal government to bring the regulations on the mentally ill offender into line with the Charter. In this case the accused was found "not guilty by reason of insanity "on a charge of aggravated assault on his wife and assault on his children" (Arboleda et al, 1995, p. 226).

insanity defense - John Hinckley Jr. (1981-USA):
"in 1981, John Hinckley Jr. attempted to assassinate the former president of the United States, Ronald Reagan. Eleven months following the attempted assassination, a jury found John Hinckley Jr. not guilty by reason of insanity. This reignited an old fire of controversy and criticism of the insanity defense, within a short time following this incident, twenty bills were proposed to congress that would arrange a federal approach towards insanity as place restriction on the current insanity defense (Bumbey, 1993).

insanity defense (1990s-USA):
"defense by reason of insanity was abolished in the 1990's in the states of Idaho, Montana and Utah" (Untying the Straight Jacket - Video, A & E, 1997).

insanity defense - (Lorena Bobbitt, 1993-USA):
"Lorena Bobbitt, in 1993 was found not guilty of malicious wounding by reason of insanity, for cutting off her husband's penis, resulted in her being ordered to spend several weeks in a psychiatric hospital" (Jackson , 1996).

insanity defense (1995-Israel):
"according to par 34(8) of the criminal code a defendant does not assume criminal responsibility for his actions if at the time of action, as a result of a disease which affected his spirit and as a result of some defect of intellect he was substantially incapable of understanding his actions or what was wrong about them OR could not prevent himself from committing those actions. This clause was passed in 1995 and constitutes a much broader test then the strict M'Naugten test in use until then Available: .http://members.tripod.com/~dazc/

instinct theory:
"the theory that innate aggressive tendencies exist, to explain abuse, neglect and exploitation (Davidovich, 1990).

institutionalization:
"a negative process by which individuals substitute organizational attributes for personal or professional qualities. In essence there is a surrendering of the self to the institution" (Peternelj-Taylor & Johnson, 1995, p. 14).

institutionalization:
"to put in the care of an institution; to incorporate into a structured and often highly formalized system; institutionalized values" (WWWebster on-line, 1998).

institutionalization:
"theoreticalized as social breakdown syndrome which is associated with institutional living; the syndrome was evidenced by the lack of initiative, submission to authority, withdrawal, and excessive dependence on the institution". (Lamb, 1984; cited in Reisdorph-Ostrow, 1989, p. 4).

institutions "state mental":
"provided "asylum", a safe haven from exploitation by the external world; especially during crisis. They also provided medical care, patient monitoring for the respite for the family, a social network, food, shelter, and needed support and structure" (Lamb, 1984; cited in Reisdorph-Ostrow, 1989, p. 5).

instrumental violence:
"acts are premeditated and unusually motive driven, committed to acquire property or for economic gain, and usually involve people who are unknown to each other and have dissimilar backgrounds" (Labecki, 1994; Visher, 1994; cited in Peternelj-Taylor & Hufft, 1996, p. 774).

involuntary patients:
"compared to voluntary patients are typically more chronically ill, agitated, belligerent and assaultive" (Zwerling, Karasu, Plutchik, & Kellerman, 1975).

integrated practice model for forensic nursing:
"the theoretical framework for the development of the forensic nurse role. The three points of the triangle represent the areas from which the knowledge base is drawn: nursing science, forensic science, and criminal justice" (Lynch, 1990).

internet crime:
"the police define Internet crime as including: hate crime, pornography, child pornography and fraud (O'Grady, 1996).

interactionist model:
"the model that violence is perceived as the outcome of all interactive sequence of events in which one person moves in response to the "moves" of another escalating conflict to the point of violence. From this perspective, the moves of the person are seen as a threat to one's personal identity and esteem that must be countered. This kind of interplay might be viewed as an extreme of "one-upmanship".

interpersonal violence (intra-individual dynamics model):
"professes that violence is the result of some form of psychopathology, for example, mental illness or substance abuse. From this perspective, the violent person lacks the ability to communicate effectively with others and to use nonviolent strategies to reduce stress or deal with conflict".

intoxicants:
"a person under an acute intoxication is suffering from a mental problem. These problems usually are self-imposed and last for as long as the intoxicant remains active in the system" (Arboleda-Florez, Crisanti, & Holley, 1996, p. 22).

intrapersonal theory:
"the theory that impaired ability to relate to others and impaired moral development and conscience (superego) contribute to a self-centered use of aggression, neglect and exploitation; an unwarranted tendency to interpret the behavior of others as purposely demeaning or threatening; the tendency to be self-centered; impulsive; and irresponsible; the tendency to devalue others; an underdeveloped conscience; and the susceptibility to rage - may each contribute to aggression and exploitation" (Davidovich, 1990).

intrapsychic theory:
"the theory that identification with the victimizer as a defensive survival maneuver contributes to abusive behavior. Through an alliance with the victim the person shares in aggressor's power. Interjection and internalization of the victimizer contributes to aggression" (Davidovich, 1990).

References