habeas corpus act:
"King Charles the Second of England signed the Habeas Corpus Act on May 26, 1679. The full title -'Habeas corpus ad subjeciendum' - basically means "produce the body." A writ of habeas corpus requires arresting officers to produce a suspect...explain why he's being detained...and release him if the court says so. The legal concept of habeas corpus - a new idea just three centuries ago - is that if you arrest somebody, you'd better have a reason. King Charles effectively was promising his subjects not to throw somebody into hoosegow just because he felt like it" (Howard Dicus (c) UPI-1999 United Press International).

hallucinations:
"a sensory perception in the absence of an actual external stimulus, hallucinations may involve many of the senses" (Arboleda-Florez, Crisanti, & Holley, 1996, p. 23).

hallucinogen abuse theory:
"the theory that disorientation and misinterpretation of reality contributes to aggressive and neglectful behavior" (Davidovich, 1990).

hammurabi code (2000 B.C.):
"the Hammurabi Code was inscribed on stone about 2000 B.C. and is possibly the oldest written code of law"(Chein, 1997) (http://140.116.5.4/~chung/history.htm).

hanging:
"hanging is the most prevalent method of completed suicide in the correctional setting" (Thorburn, 1995, p. 563).

haras:
"haras refers to wilful conduct directed at a person that seriously alarms, annoys or distresses that person, and which serves no legitimate purpose" (Gilligan, 1992, cited in Abrams & Robinson, 1998, p. 473).

harassment:
"the Protection from Harassment Act introduced in 1997, in the United Kingdom describes two new criminal offenses: Section 2- Offense of Criminal Harassment and Section 4- Offence involving Fear of Violence. Under the Act the term harassment is not precisely defined, leaving officers great scope in which to enforce the law under Section 2" (Taylor & Tipton, 1999).

harassment:
"any vexatious comment that is known or should be known to be unwelcome. Sexual harassment may be broadly defined as an unwelcome behavior that is sexual or gender-based in nature. It typically occurs in the context of an asymmetrical relationship, where one person has more formal power than the other (such as supervisor over an employee or a faculty member over a student) or more informal power such as one peer over another" (University of Calgary, Annual Harassment Report, 1996; cited in Hardingham, 1998, p. 14).

harassment:
"the courts have recognized two forms of sexual harassment: "quid pro quo" and "environmental harassment. The latter is also often described as a 'poisoned' or a 'hostile environment' (Hardingham, 1998, p. 14).

harassment "criminal":
"stalking or criminal harassment is defined as the "wilful, malicious, and repeated following or harassing of another person, usually requiring a credible threat of violence against the victim or the victim's family" (Abrams & Robinson, 1998, p. 473).

harassment (quid pro quo):
"Quid pro quo" means something given or withheld in exchange for something else. Thus "quid pro quo" harassment is typically initiated by a person in a position of authority who makes a reward or punishment contingent on the granting of sexual favors. The threats or brides may be direct ore indirect (Hardingham, 1998, p. 14).

harassment "hostile environment":
"hostile environment harassment occurs when unwelcome behaviors of a sexual or gender based nature create a hostile or intimidating environmental or when the poisoned environment impacts negatively on work performance" (Hardingham, 1998, p. 14).

harassment "sexual":
"the current thinking is that sexual harassment is characterized as primarily the manifestation of power, rather than sexual attraction (Frank et al, 1998, p. 356) and it is speculated that the profession of medicine in academic settings may be especially prone to harassment, because of the importance of hierarchy" (Hardingham, 1998, p. 15).

harm reduction model:
"model adopted in Canada in the late 1980-1990's for addiction prevention and intervention" (Kent-Wilkinson, 1996)

hashish:
"narcotic drug derived from the female hemp plant that is smoked, chewed or drunk for it's intoxicating effect".

health care officer (HCO):
either completed the hospital officer course or have a nursing qualification. They are unified meaning that they wear a prison service uniform (Polczyk-Przybyla & Gournay, 1999, p. 896).

hemp:
"a tall widely cultivated herb with tough fiber used for making cloth, floor covering and cordage".

hepatitis A:
"hepatitis A (formally known as infectious hepatitis) is a liver disease caused by a virus. It is the most prevalent type of hepatitis. Hepatitis A and hepatitis E are mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B, C, and D are spread through blood or other body fluids. Hepatitis A (HAV) is a highly contagious virus that attacks the liver" Available: http://www.hepnet.com/hepa/hepafact.html

hepatitis B:
"hepatitis B (formally known as serum hepatitis) is a liver disease caused by a virus. It is one of the most common, serious infectious diseases in the world. It is 100 times more infectious than the AIDS virus (HIV). Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. For the 350 million people worldwide who are already chronic carriers of HBV, the vaccine is of no use. But the future is much brighter for carriers with the current advances in drug development" http://www2.hepb.org/hepb/

hepatitis C:
"hepatitis C (formally known as non-A, non-B hepatitis) is a liver disease caused by a recently identified foodborne virus. Hepatitis C is an incurable illness, which can lead to full blown hepatitis C disease, cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. Symptoms which include chronic fatique, can take up to 30 years to develop"

hepatitis D:
"the hepatitis D virus (also called delta virus) is a small circular RNA virus. The hepatitis D virus is replication defective and therefore cannot propagate in the absence of another virus. In humans, hepatitis D virus infection only occurs in the presence of hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis D virus infection is transmitted by blood and blood products. The risk factors for infection are similar to those for hepatitis B virus infection. The hepatitis D virus most often infects intravenous drug users"

hepatitis E:
"hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted by the fecal­oral route, often through contaminated water. It is endemic and at times epidemic in the developing world A few cases have been identified in Canada; all were acquired during travel to endemic areas. Clinically, HEV infection cannot be distinguished from HAV infection. The incubation period is from 2 to 9 weeks, and the disease is usually mild, resolving in a few weeks with no sequelae. The case-fatality rate is low except in pregnant women, among whom it may approach 20%. There is no specific treatment for HEV infection"
Available:

hepatitis F:
"hepatitis F virus (HFV) has been described in only a handful of cases (from France) with subsequent experimental transmission to primates. The virology, epidemiology, hepatotropicity and clinical importance of HFV are quite uncertain"

hepatitis G:
"hepatitis G virus (HGV; also called hepatitis GB virus C or HGBV-C) was fully characterized in early 1996. HGV is a flavivirus and a distant relative of HCV. At this time, HGV infection can be identified only through PCR testing, which indicates current infection; such testing is not readily available or standardized. An antibody test for HGV is under development and, when available, will elucidate the epidemiology of HGV infection more fully than HGV RNA testing can" Available:

heroin:
"heroin was first prescribed in 1898 in the United States as a safe cough suppressant. It took two years for people to realize that it was in fact as addictive as morphine (Nimoy, 1996) Heroin was used extensively in the American Civil War.

hesitation wounds:
all suicide attempts, superficial sharp force wounds at wrist, elbows or neck (Stewart, 1993).

histology tissue:
a sample of solid organ taken at the time of autopsy to establish or aid in diagnosis (Alberta Justice, 1993, p. 12-13).

holism & health care philosophy:
"within a holistic health framework each individual is considered unique. The philosophy of holistic health care asserts that health and illness must be considered within the context of the individuals life situation. People, including their states of health and illness, do not exist in isolation. They function within many settings, such as familial, occupational, communal, social and cultural. The values beliefs, and behaviors that develop from these settings influence health and illness. When health care professionals are willing to view health and illness within the context of the individual's life, they are better able to understand that person's experience. Holistic health philosophy includes a primary focus on health promotion, or health as a positive process, rather than limiting itself to the elimination of illness" (Landrum, 1988).

homeless:
"a typical homeless person is unemployed, with no structured daily activities during the day; he/she may have a diagnosis of schizophrenia or of substance abuse" (Smoot, Vandiver & Fields, 1992).

homeless:
"the homeless are a cross-section of society; they are men, women and children of all ages and of all ethnic and religious backgrounds; they can be singles, couples and families; homelessness does not target any single education level, occupation or profession" (Youssef, Omokehinde & Garland, 1988, p. 317).

homeless:
"most definitions of the homeless in Australia, include shelter occupants" (Bachrach, 1987; cited in Herrman, 1990, p. 1291).

homeless mental illness:
"among the homeless population, there are varying degrees of mental illness, including chemical dependence; schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were found to be the two most prevalent psychiatric disorders among the homeless mentally ill offender population" (McFarland & Blair, 1995)

homeless mentally ill definitions:
"definitions of the homeless mentally ill can be grouped into four categories: (1) admission to a shelter for at least one night; (2) designated as undomiciled in admission records; (3) dichotomous definitions identifying a single homeless mentally ill group; and (4) stratified definitions identifying various homeless mentally ill groups" (Lipton, Nutt, Sabatini, 1988; Gellberg, Linn, & Leake, 1988; cited in Morrison, 1989, p. 952).

homeless mentally ill "dichotomous definitions":
"dichotomous definitions identify a single homeless mentally ill group; these definitions are based on operational criteria that may be idiosyncratic, such as requiring that a person be homeless for a certain period of time" (Lipton, Nutt, Sabatini, 1988; Gellberg, Linn, & Leake, 1988; cited in Morrison, 1989, p. 952).

homeless mentally ill "stratified definitions of":
"stratified definitions identifying various homeless mentally ill groups; these definitions have at least three categories, ranging from the extremes of extended periods of homelessness (street people) to not homeless; in between are such categories of episodic homelessness, moderate homelessness, (cases in transit, residents of missions), potential homelessness (living less than 30 days at each of two previous addresses), or a precarious living situation with family or friends" (Morrison, 1989, p. 952).

homeless people:
"three groups of homeless people defined by Roth and Bean in their (1986) study: "street people", "shelter people" and "resource people" (Roth & Bean, 1986, p. 717).

homeless "street" people:
"homeless people who do not have contact with sheltered facilities or other services except in extreme circumstances; a slightly higher proportion of people with psychiatric problems were found in "street people" compared to "shelter" or "resource people" (Roth & Bean, 1986, p. 717).

homeless "shelter" people:
"are homeless people who are frequent users of shelter and are likely to use other available services with some regularity" (Roth & Bean, 1986, p. 717).

homeless "resource" people:
"are homeless people who do not use the shelter services and who appear to have more resources than the other two groups; resource people stay in cheap hotels, or with family or friends for short periods of time; they are more likely to have some income, periodic jobs and some welfare or general relief" (Roth & Bean, 1986, p. 717).

homeless persons "chronically":
"were those who had not had a permanent residence for three months or longer" (Solomon, Draine, Markenko, & Meyerson, 1992, p. 169).

homeless persons "episodically":
"were those who had experienced periodic episodes of homelessness lasting between a few days and several weeks and who had been homeless three or more times in a given year" (Solomon, Draine, Markenko, & Meyerson, 1992, p. 169).

homeless persons "situational":
"were those with a recent change in circumstances, such as landlord tenant problem or loss of income, that resulted in having no place to live. For these people, homelessness may have lasted a few hours or days but it was a temporary condition" (Solomon, Draine, Markenko, & Meyerson, 1992, p. 169).

homelessness:
"is by no means a unitary concept; definition is key; an optimal definition will contain three or more categories, and will consider patient's chronicity of homelessness as well as their potential for future residential stability" (Morrison, 1989, p. 953).

homelessness:
"has important health implications for those affected; health may be compromised by the physical environment, nutrition and the enforced lifestyle; for many, initial health impairments and disabilities can lead to homelessness and a vicious cycle of deprivation; further, the health problems of the homeless are of great concern to the public" (Public Health Association of Australia, 1997).

homicidal:
"murderous; likely to kill; Latin homo (man) and caedere (to kill)".

homicide:
"the general term applied to all situations in which one person causes the death of another. Justifiable or accidental homicide is not a crime. Culpable homicide is a crime. It can be either first or second degree murder, or manslaughter. First degree murder includes all planned and deliberate murders, as well as the murder of a police officer, prison employee, or any other person authorized to work in a prison while on duty. Murders that are committed while someone is attempting to commit certain other offences are also classified as first-degree murder. Second degree murder is any murder that is not first degree murder" (Correctional Service Canada, 1993).

homicide:
"is a violent and preventable death, no matter the issue(s) surrounding the cause of death" (Gyulay, 1989, p. 119).

homicide:
the deliberate killing of another human being, specifically, murder or non-negligent manslaughter (US- National Center for Health Statistics, 1994).

homicide:
"is a sudden death and most are unanticipated. Yet a homicide may be anticipated because of high-risk behaviors (such as drug trafficking, other criminal activities), situations (for example, high-risk neighborhoods, high-risk jobs, etc.) or persons (abusive /violent family members or others, criminal history of violent behaviors, etc.)"(Gyulay, 1989, p. 119).

homicide:
"the word includes all occasions where one human being, by act or omission, takes away the life of another; murder and manslaughter are different kinds of homicides; executing a death-row inmate is another form of homicide, but one which is excusable in the eyes of the law; another excusable homicide is where a law enforcement officer shoots and kills a suspect who draws weapon or shoots at that officer" (WWLIA Legal Dictionary-Available: http://www.islandnet.com/~wwlia/diction.htm.

homicide:
"killing of a human being by any act, agency or culpable omission (failure to act when there is an affirmative duty to intervene - e.g. to watch your own child drown when you were able to save the child). Homicides may be lawful (a legal execution), justified (self defense), or accidental (manslaughter?)" (Jerry P. Nims, Ph.D., J.D.)

homicide "criminal":
"causing the death of another person without legal justification or excuse; infanticide" (Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 1994).

homicide "domestic":
"occurs when a family or household member kills another member of the household. This definition includes common-law relationships. Prior domestic violence often can be supported by police reports. A history of conflict due to external sources (for example, finances, job, alcohol) are common elements of domestic violence" (Burgess et al, 1994, p. 15).

homicide "expressive":
"expressive" homicide usually starts with an argument, with the primary goal to hurt the other person. These "expressive" homicides can be further subdivided into those which occur between spouses, between other family members, as a result of child abuse, and between strangers" (Wallace, 1996).

homicide "gang-related":
"may possess features of both "expressive" and "instrumental" violence; it is motivated more by membership in the gang than anything else" (National Institute of Justice,1992).

homicide "honour killings":
"Honour killings" involve girls who are hacked to death, shot or strangled for defying their parent's choice of husband, considered a shameful act which disgraces the Islamic family (The Associated Press, Islamabad, Pakistan, Oct 20,1999).

homicide "instrumental":
"begins with attempting to get something from another person; violence is simply an acquisition tool. In 1994, in Canada, about one in four homicide incidents occurred during the commission of another offense; further, more than two-thirds of these homicides happened at the same time as another violent offense" (National Institute of Justice, 1992).

homosexual panic defence (1996-Australia):
"argues that homosexual advances are a provocation for murder in New South Wales, Australia. Since 1993 the defence has been used in 13 cases resulting in death. Violence against homosexuals is on the rise in Australia" (Australian Institute of Criminology, 1996).

honour killings:
"Honour killings" involve girls who are hacked to death, shot or strangled for defying their parent's choice of husband, considered a shameful act which disgraces the Islamic family (The Associated Press, Islamabad, Pakistan, Oct 20,1999).

house or store detectives:
"patrol business establishments to protect against theft and vandalism and to enforce standards of good behavior" (Evans, 1996)

household:
"a group of individuals living under one roof and usually under one head"(WWWebster Dictionary, 1997).

housemother:
"an older prostitute who physically cares for the younger prostitute in the pimp's den" (MacInnes, 1994).

hospital "provincial":
"a place in a province that is designated by the Minister of Health for the province for the custody, treatment or assessment of an accused in respect of whom an assessment order, a dispositions or a placement decision is made" (Criminal Code of Canada p. 1013).

host:
"a susceptible individual, family, community or a segment of the population. It answers the question "who?" (Harkness, 1995). The client system affected by the particular condition under investigation" (Clark, 1996, p. 109).

HIV:
"HIV or human immunodeficiency virus is the virus that leads to AIDS or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a set of infections or illnesses that occur when a person has a severely compromised immune system (Health Information Page, 1997).

HIV:
"HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is any group of retroviruses and, especially HIV +1, that infect and destroy helper T-cells of the immune system causing the marked reduction in their numbers that is diagnostic of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)" (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1996).

HIV Anonymous testing:
"is testing in which the results can be linked to the patient by a code known only by the patient; the physician, etc. cannot know the identity of the person being tested (Jurgens & Palles, 1997).

HIV Non-nominal testing:
"is testing in which results can be linked to the person being tested by a code (which does not include personal identification of the person being tested) known by the person being tested. The physician also knows the identity of the person being tested, but the results of the test remain confidential and the name of the person testing positive is not reported to public health authorities (Jurgens & Palles, 1997)

HIV Nominal testing:
"is testing in which the results are linked to the person being tested by a persona identifier. (Jurgens & Palles, 1997)

HIV testing:
"defined as the private, confidential test to determine if the HIV virus has entered the bloodstream" (National Prevention Information Network (NPII, 1999).

v human immunodeficiency virus:
"a retrovirus carrying genetic information in RNA rather than DNA" (McCance & Heuther, 1994).

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
"a newley discovered retrovirus that is said to cause AIDS. The target organ of HIV is the T4 and T lymphocytes which regulate the immune system" (Stine, 1996).

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
"the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) is a retrovirus that infects the T4 lympcyte cells, monocyte-macrophage cells, certain cell populations in the brain and spinal cord, and colerectal epithelial cells/HIV infected cells weaken the immune system. Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus do not necessarily have AIDS. Previously called lymphadenopathy virus, human T-cell leukemia virus III, and human t-cell lymphotropic virus III" (Huber, 1993).

human immunodeficiency virus type 1:
"HIV-1, the retrovirus recognized as the agent that induces AIDS. Different strains of the virus can be distinguished, e.g., group M.O. and different substrains within each group are found".

human immunodeficiency virus type 2:
"HIV-2, a virus closely related to HIV-1 that also leads to immune suppression. HIV-2 is not as virulent as HIV-1 and is almost exclusively seen in persons from West Africa".

human rights:
"human rights are those inalienable rights which transcend political boundaries, ideologies and religious faiths. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948, embodied rights relating to personal liberty, security, family and faith" (Carlisle, 1998, p. 40).

humanism:
"humanism today is a philosophical movement in which people and their interests, development, fulfillment, and creativity are made central and dominant. It is an ethical doctrine that specifically supports the right to human freedom. A universal tendency of humanists is to emphasize self-understanding, self-determination, and human responsibility. Humanists advocate that people develop individual goals based on their personal life experience (Landrum, 1988)

humanitarianism:
"the roots of prison health care are in the basic ethic of humanitarianism of the 1700's" (Alexander-Rodriquez, 1983, p. 115).

humanistic theorists:
"among the diverse groups of theorists who are essentially humanistic are Abraham Maslow, Frederick (Fritz) Perls, Sidney Jourard, and RD Laing" (Modlin & Adams, 1993).

References