*
(multiple definitions) E (89 definitions) economic
or deterrence model:
"the model that violence is seen as a rational choice based on perceptions of
risks and benefits of one's actions. Violence is reasonable when it results in
a "perceived gain" (for example, monetary gain in robbery or personal gratification
in the abuse of one's spouse or child) and is deterred when the risks are perceived
to outweigh potential gains". elder abuse:
"the physical, psychological or financial mistreatment of a senior" (Health and
Welfare Canada, 1990). elder abuse (senior
abuse):
"any deliberate act or lack of an act that causes harm to an elder person They
have divided elder abuse into four different classifications: physical, psychological,
financial and neglect (Alberta Family & Social Services, 1990).
elder abuse (senior abuse):
"the maltreatment of an elderly person by a family member or other close associate.
It may include the infliction of physical injury, restraint, financial exploitation,
threats, ridicule, insult or humiliation, forced isolation (physical or social),
or forced change in living arrangements. It may also include neglect, that is
the refusal or failure to care for the older person whether intentional or unintentional.
This could include abandonment, withholding or not providing food, health care,
companionship or assistance" (Office for the Prevention of Family Violence, Alberta
Social Services, 1994). http://www.n-w.com/cgi-bin/nweb elderly
offender "aging offender":
"the criminal justice system often classifies those "55 and over" as elderly"
(Newman, Newman & Gewirtz, 1984, p. 4). electric
chair:
"the electric chair was invented and first used in New York State in 1890". EMT (emergency
medical technician):
"a specially trained medical technician licensed to provide a wide range of emergency
services before or during transportation to a hospital" (Merriam Webster Dictionary, emergency
nurse:
"a professional nurse qualified by education and experience in the immediate care
of and stabilization of patients in need of medical intervention as a result of
illness or injury. The primary focus of the emergency nurse must evolve from a
strong base in critical care theory and practice. This is essential in order to
confront the dynamic changes in management of medical emergencies and trauma in
the community or clinical arenas" (Lynch, 1990, p. 51). emergency
nursing:
"a specialty area of professional nursing that involves the integration of practice,
research, education, professionalism, and interaction between acute care and community
facilities through referral, patient education, and crisis intervention" (Emergency
Department Nurses' Association Standards of Emergency Nursing Practice, 1983,
cited in Lynch, 1990, p. 51). emergency
nursing practice:
"the nursing care of individuals of all ages with perceived physical and / or
emotional alterations which are undiagnosed and may require prompt intervention.
Emergency nursing care is unscheduled and most commonly occurs in a specific care
setting, i.e., an emergency department, a mobile unit, or a suicide prevention
center. Thus, nursing care is episodic, primary, and acute in nature" (Emergency
Department Nurses' Association Standards of Emergency Nursing Practice, 1983,
cited in Lynch, 1990, p. 52). electric
chair:
"the electric chair was invented and first used in New York State in 1890". EMT (emergency
medical technician):
"a specially trained medical technician licensed to provide a wide range of emergency
services before or during transportation to a hospital" (Merriam Webster Dictionary, emergency
nurse:
"a professional nurse qualified by education and experience in the immediate care
of and stabilization of patients in need of medical intervention as a result of
illness or injury. The primary focus of the emergency nurse must evolve from a
strong base in critical care theory and practice. This is essential in order to
confront the dynamic changes in management of medical emergencies and trauma in
the community or clinical arenas" (Lynch, 1990, p. 51). emergency
nursing:
"a specialty area of professional nursing that involves the integration of practice,
research, education, professionalism, and interaction between acute care and community
facilities through referral, patient education, and crisis intervention" (Emergency
Department Nurses' Association Standards of Emergency Nursing Practice, 1983,
cited in Lynch, 1990, p. 51). emergency
nursing practice:
"the nursing care of individuals of all ages with perceived physical and / or
emotional alterations which are undiagnosed and may require prompt intervention.
Emergency nursing care is unscheduled and most commonly occurs in a specific care
setting, i.e., an emergency department, a mobile unit, or a suicide prevention
center. Thus, nursing care is episodic, primary, and acute in nature" (Emergency
Department Nurses' Association Standards of Emergency Nursing Practice, 1983,
cited in Lynch, 1990, p. 52). emergency
care setting:
"chaotic environment characterized by an unpredictable number with unscheduled
arrivals unplanned situations requiring intervention, allocation of limited resources,
need for immediate care, as perceived by the patient or others and unknown variables
that include severity, urgency and diagnosis" (NEVA Standards of Emergency Practice,
1993, p. 46). endemic:
"implies being peculiar to a region; edelweiss is endemic in the Alps" (WWWebster
Dictionary On-line). enforcement
discretion:
"to a large extent al enforcement activities are discretionary. Factors influencing
the extent of enforcement of drug laws usually relate to the abuse of potential
substances, case load, resource availability, severity of court sentences, social
harm, etc." (LeCavelier, 1998, p. 1). environment:
"all external factors affecting living things such as poverty, stress, age, presence
of other disease or disability, changes in the weather, etc. (Harkness, 1995).
Factors in the physical, biological and social environment that that contribute
to health-related conditions" (Clark, 1996, p. 112). epidemiology:
"the term epidemiology is derived from three Greek words: epi (upon), demos (the
people) and logos, (thought or science) and ology meaning (study)" (Harkness,
1995, p. vii).
epidemiology:
"the origin of epidemiology lies in the curiosity of human beings and the need
to explain the unknown. In ancient times, men and women sought reasons for their
illnesses and pursued those activities that were believed to be sources of good
health" (Harkness, 1995, p. 4).
epidemiology:
"a process based on scientific inquiry and recognition of multiple influencing
factors, with the community as its laboratory and populations or groups of people
as it subjects" (Harkness, 1995).
epidemiology:
"the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness
in human populations" (Harkness, 1995). emergency
care setting:
"chaotic environment characterized by an unpredictable number with unscheduled
arrivals unplanned situations requiring intervention, allocation of limited resources,
need for immediate care, as perceived by the patient or others and unknown variables
that include severity, urgency and diagnosis" (NEVA Standards of Emergency Practice,
1993, p. 46). endemic:
"implies being peculiar to a region; edelweiss is endemic in the Alps" (WWWebster
Dictionary On-line). enforcement
discretion:
"to a large extent al enforcement activities are discretionary. Factors influencing
the extent of enforcement of drug laws usually relate to the abuse of potential
substances, case load, resource availability, severity of court sentences, social
harm, etc." (LeCavelier, 1998, p. 1). environment:
"all external factors affecting living things such as poverty, stress, age, presence
of other disease or disability, changes in the weather, etc. (Harkness, 1995).
Factors in the physical, biological and social environment that that contribute
to health-related conditions" (Clark, 1996, p. 112). epidemiology:
"the term epidemiology is derived from three Greek words: epi (upon), demos (the
people) and logos, (thought or science) and ology meaning (study)" (Harkness,
1995, p. vii).
epidemiology:
"the origin of epidemiology lies in the curiosity of human beings and the need
to explain the unknown. In ancient times, men and women sought reasons for their
illnesses and pursued those activities that were believed to be sources of good
health" (Harkness, 1995, p. 4).
epidemiology:
"a process based on scientific inquiry and recognition of multiple influencing
factors, with the community as its laboratory and populations or groups of people
as it subjects" (Harkness, 1995).
epidemiology:
"the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness
in human populations" (Harkness, 1995). epilepsy:
"any of various disorders marked by disturbed electrical rhythms of the central
nervous system and typically manifested by convulsive attacks usually with clouding
of consciousness" (WWW Webster Dictionary, online). epistemology:
"that department of philosophy that investigates critically the nature, grounds,
limits, and criteria, or validity of human knowledge; theory of cognition (Funk
& Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, 1969). ethics
(professional):
"professional ethics on the other hand is a codified guide regulating the behavior
of medical and other health professionals in their dealings with patients and
with each other" (Carlisle, 1998, p. 40). euthanasia:
"today, members of society are pushing for the act of euthanasia to be legalized
for persons suffering from an incurable, fatal and painful disease. Euthanasia
has gone from meaning the disposal of emotional and economic burdens of society
(in Nazi Germany) to the legalized killing of a person who is suffering from an
incurable, distressing physical condition and who is fully competent (or who had
competent guardians) to request that such a procedure be carried out (Twycross,
1976).
euthanasia:
"the Greek "eu" meaning "good", "thanes" meaning "death". The action of inducing
the painless death of a person for reasons assumed to be merciful. Used in the
medical world to pertain to a client who is competent, at some point and able
to verbalize their desires".
euthanasia:
"ethicist David Roy of Montreal offers this definition: "the deliberate, rapid
and painless termination of life of a person afflicted with an incurable and progressive
disease leading inexorably to death" (Gray, 1995).
euthanasia:
"painless, peaceful death; the deliberate putting to death painlessly of a person
suffering from an incurable disease (Funk & Wagnells Desk Top Dictionary, 1993).
euthanasia:
"euthanasia means knowingly and intentionally performing an act that is explicitly
intended to end another person's life and that includes the following elements
[request by competent incurable person, competent agent, primary intention of
ending the life, compassion, without personal gain" (The Canadian Medical Association
Policy Summary on Physician-Assisted Death, 1995).
euthanasia:
"legally defined as the act or practice of putting to death persons suffering
from incurable diseases" (Murray & Zentner, 1993, p. 606).
euthanasia:
"a good, easy or honorable death; the failure to supply ordinary means to save
or sustain human life...the bringing about of the painless death of a person suffering
from an incurable and distressing condition or disease (Kluge, 1992, p. 243).
euthanasia:
"defined by the Dutch as the termination of life at the request a competent adult
patient" (Klotzko, 1996, p. 42). epilepsy:
"any of various disorders marked by disturbed electrical rhythms of the central
nervous system and typically manifested by convulsive attacks usually with clouding
of consciousness" (WWW Webster Dictionary, online). epistemology:
"that department of philosophy that investigates critically the nature, grounds,
limits, and criteria, or validity of human knowledge; theory of cognition (Funk
& Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, 1969). ethics
(professional):
"professional ethics on the other hand is a codified guide regulating the behavior
of medical and other health professionals in their dealings with patients and
with each other" (Carlisle, 1998, p. 40). euthanasia:
"today, members of society are pushing for the act of euthanasia to be legalized
for persons suffering from an incurable, fatal and painful disease. Euthanasia
has gone from meaning the disposal of emotional and economic burdens of society
(in Nazi Germany) to the legalized killing of a person who is suffering from an
incurable, distressing physical condition and who is fully competent (or who had
competent guardians) to request that such a procedure be carried out (Twycross,
1976).
euthanasia:
"the Greek "eu" meaning "good", "thanes" meaning "death". The action of inducing
the painless death of a person for reasons assumed to be merciful. Used in the
medical world to pertain to a client who is competent, at some point and able
to verbalize their desires".
euthanasia:
"ethicist David Roy of Montreal offers this definition: "the deliberate, rapid
and painless termination of life of a person afflicted with an incurable and progressive
disease leading inexorably to death" (Gray, 1995).
euthanasia:
"painless, peaceful death; the deliberate putting to death painlessly of a person
suffering from an incurable disease (Funk & Wagnells Desk Top Dictionary, 1993).
euthanasia:
"euthanasia means knowingly and intentionally performing an act that is explicitly
intended to end another person's life and that includes the following elements
[request by competent incurable person, competent agent, primary intention of
ending the life, compassion, without personal gain" (The Canadian Medical Association
Policy Summary on Physician-Assisted Death, 1995).
euthanasia:
"legally defined as the act or practice of putting to death persons suffering
from incurable diseases" (Murray & Zentner, 1993, p. 606).
euthanasia:
"a good, easy or honorable death; the failure to supply ordinary means to save
or sustain human life...the bringing about of the painless death of a person suffering
from an incurable and distressing condition or disease (Kluge, 1992, p. 243).
euthanasia:
"defined by the Dutch as the termination of life at the request a competent adult
patient" (Klotzko, 1996, p. 42). euthanasia
"active":
"exists when death is the result of a positive act (prescribing a fatal drug)"
(Cambridge, 1995, cited in Cawsey, 1996, p. 24).
euthanasia "active":
"taking deliberate steps to end a person's life" (Kluge, 1992, p. 253). euthanasia
"active voluntary":
"killing of a patient at his request; must have the capacity to understand and
provide meaningful consent" (Journal of Medical Ethics, 1996).
euthanasia "active voluntary":
"killing of a patient either against their will or without their knowledge" (Journal
of Medical Ethics, 1996). euthanasia
"non-voluntary":
"occurs if the act is executed without the patient's consent" (Cambridge, 1995,
cited in Cawsey, 1996, p. 24).
euthanasia "non-voluntary":
"the euthanizing of a person without that person's having expressed, or unable
to express such a wish" (Kluge, 1992, p. 267). euthanasia
"passive":
"exists when death is the result of a willful omission (withdrawing or withholding
treatment)" (Cambridge, 1995, cited in Cawsey, 1996, p. 24).
euthanasia "passive":
"is not an act of killing, it is death suffered by incurable disease without suffering"(Kluge,
1992, p. 253). evidence:
"anything that has been used, left, removed, altered or contaminated during the
commission of a crime by either the suspect or victim" (Mund, 1996, p. 12).
evidence:
"in its simplest definition, evidence is something legally presented before a
court, as a statement of a witness, an object etc., which bears on or establishes
the point in question (Webster's New World Dictionary, 1980). Evidence is further
defined depending on the taxonomy used. Evidence may be tangible, such as the
written word or a photograph or drawing of the sustained wound; it also may be
intangible, such as excited utterances, or odors observed on a patient or recalled
by a witness interviewed during treatment and documented in writing" (Hoyt, 1991,
p. 20).
evidence:
"anything that helps establish the facts related to a crime" (Osterburg & Ward,
1992, p. 178). evidence
collection "non physical":
"non-physical evidence collection includes assessment of psychosocial history,
predisposition towards violence, abuse, self mutilation, including suicidal attempts,
or trauma recidivism. Non -physical evidence collection involves the skill of
separating the injuries from the story" (Goll-McGee, 1999, p. 12). evidence
"pattern":
"generally produced by a physical contact between persons and/or objects. Imprints,
indentations, striation markings, fractures and depositions (residue), what you
see and where. Examples of pattern evidence are: blood splatters, glass fractures
(windshield, glasses) fire burn, furniture positions, projectile trajectory, track-trail,
tire or skid marks, powder residues" (Osterburg & Ward, 1992, p. 178). evidence
"physical":
"may range from a piece of damaged clothing removed from an accident victim to
trace evidence. Trace evidence is physical evidence in scant amounts such as gunshot
soot from the skin surrounding a bullet entrance wound, leaves and glass found
on the clothing, or semen on the skin of a rape victim" (Hoyt, 1991, p. 21). evidence
"preservation":
"preservation of evidence in the clinical setting requires planning, attention
to detail, and the guidance of agency policies and procedures" (Hoyt, 1991, p.
21). evidence
"preservation & collection of":
"no alteration of the inherent quality or composition of the evidence has occurred"
(Osterburg & Ward, 1992, p. 178). evidence
"trace":
"physical evidence in scant amounts such as gunshot soot from the skin surrounding
a bullet entrance wound, leaves and glass found on the clothing, or semen on the
skin of a rape victim"(Hoyt, 1991, p. 21). evidence
"transfer":
"the classical type of physical evidence, generally produced by a physical contact
of persons, objects or between persons(s) or objects(s). There are various classifications
of transfer evidence that might include: type of crime, type of material; general
nature of evidence- physical, chemical, biological; physical state of evidence;
type of questions to be resolved according to the way evidence was produced; and
specific type of evidence" (Osterburg & Ward, 1992, p. 178). evidence
"transient":
"a type of physical evidence which is temporary in nature. It can easily last
or change and these include: odor, temperature, markings, imprints, and indentations"
(Osterburg & Ward, 1992, p. 178). evidence
"invisible":
"bite marks, semen stains, and contusions are some examples of invisible evidence"
(Hoyt, 1991, p. 21). execution:
"a putting to death as a legal penalty; death lawfully inflicted; as, the execution
of a murderer" (Webster Dictionary, on-line, 1997). exigency:
"legal term meaning the need for immediate attentiom; information must be obtained,
it must be obtained now and not at a later date" (Pasqualone, 1996, p. 48). exigent
evidence:
"exigent evidence is evidence that can be lost in seconds ...it can be washed
off, thrown away, or flushed or it may leave with a patient or family. A nurse
must quickly come to the realiztion that the evidence is exogent" (Snow & Weed,
1996, p. 48). expatriate:
excile; refugee; deportee; émigré; outcast (Thesaures, 1998). expert
"consultant":
"no expectation to testify; consults with the attorney-client behind the scenes;
can analyze a variety of different cases and all aspects of the case; the work
product is generally not discoverable". expert
testimony:
"expert testimony is admissible when conclusions by a jury depend on facts and
scientific information that are not common knowledge. Thus an expert witness must
posses greater understanding of some subject than the jury, whose knowledge is
presumably inadequate without the benefit of expert assistance" (McCormick, 1984;
Josberger & Ries, 1985, p. 69). expert
witness:
"the function is to provide for the jury or other tier of fact an expert's opinion
as o the significance of, or the inference which may be drawn from, proven facts
in a field in which the expert witness possesses special knowledge and experiences
going beyond that of the tier of fact. The expert witness is permitted to give
such opinion for the assistance of the jury....." (Dukelow & Nuse, 1995, p. 418).
expert witness:
"a person possessed of a special skill or knowledge acquired through study or
experience that entitles him to give an opinion or evidence concerning his expertise.
The opinion of such as expert is only admissible where the subject in issue before
the court is such that competency to form an opinion on it can only be acquired
by a course of specific study or by experience. The Canadian Evidence Act allows
only five such witnesses to be called by each party" (Yogis, 1995, p. 86).
expert witness:
"the expert witness has special knowledge or skill gained by education, training
or experience and may be summonsed to court to give opinion or expert evidence
during a trial, based on that person's field of expertise" (Daley, 1996).
expert witness:
"a person qualified by education, experience, occupation, present position, degrees
held, publications, and professional organization membership that establishes
their credibility as an expert to give opinions" (Lynch, 1991). expert
witness "factual":
"testifying only to factual information one has observed, collected or heard,
and must remain an objective and impartial witness" (Hoyt & Spangler, 1996. p.
31). expert
witness "nurse":
"a nurse qualified by education, experience, occupation, present position, degrees
held, publications, and professional organization membership that establish the
credibility as an expert to give opinions as to whether the nursing care administered
met the "acceptable standard of care" (Lynch, 1993). expert
witness "testifying":
"expectation that you will testify to opinions in deposition and trial; opinion
is limited to area of personal expertise; work product is discoverable". expert
witness testimony:
"the underlying assumption that allows expert testimony is "the expert" will be
unbiased and objective in reporting the reports and opinions, that he or she will
not have any interest in the outcome of the litigation" (Ziskin, 1975, p. 17,
cited in Scheller-King & Finneran, 1982, p. 58). ex post
fact laws:
"are laws that attempt to impose upon those who acted prior to the laws existence". exploitation:
"a form of abuse where the use of the victim is for selfish purposes and/or financial
gain" (Webster's dictionary, 1987). expressive
violence:
"involves interpersonal altercations usually with people who are known to the
assailant, and are of similar age, ethnicity, and cultural background" (Labecki,
1994; Visher, 1994; cited in Peternelj-Taylor & Hufft, 1996, p. 774). existentialism:
"existentialism', the term, was coined in the 1930's after World War I to designate
the philosophical thinking of Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger" (Landrum, 1988). existentialism
philosophy:
"existentialism is concerned with the essence of human existence rather than logic
or science and developed out of conviction that most academic philosophy is too
remote for human life and death. Existentialists are especially concerned with
the most extreme human experiences, such as anguish, despair and confrontation,
with death because they enable a person to realize the true nature of existence
(Landrum, 1988).
existentialism philosophy:
"the word existentialism was coined after World War I to designate the philosophical
thinking of Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger. Both were indebted to the philosophy
of Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), a nineteenth century Danish theologian and philosopher.
The writings of Jean-Paul Sartre brought existentialism to the attention of the
English speaking world after World War II" (Landrum, 1988). exploitation:
"a form of abuse where the use of the victim is for selfish purposes and / or
financial gain" (MacInnes, 1994).
ex visitatione divina:
"cause of death 'visitation by God'," (Mant, 1967, cited in Schramm, 1991, p.
672).
eyeball chemistry:
"a recent addition to the medical examiner's armory is so-called "eyeball chemistry",
developed by American physician Dr. John Coe. He observed that as red blood cells
break down after death, their potassium content enters the vitreous fluid of the
eye at a slow but predictable rate. Because this reaction is unaffected by ambient
temperature, its reliability is thought to be greater than the three traditional
methods of determining time of death: rigor mortis, lividity (or hypostasis),
and body temperature".
